Both high sodium and low potassium diets are associated with hypertension, but whether these risk factors are distinct or overlapping has not been thoroughly investigated. The authors evaluated the relationship between dietary sodium, potassium, and high systolic blood pressure among 4716 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2012. There was no association with blood pressure across most values of sodium or potassium intake. However, participants who reported sodium intake ≥7500 mg/d, potassium <700 mg/d, or sodium‐potassium ratio ≥2.5 had increased odds for high systolic blood pressure (≥95th percentile for age, sex, and height). Although the high sodium and low potassium groups did not overlap, 49.2% of these adolescents also had a sodium‐potassium ratio ≥2.5. In young adolescents, both excessive sodium and limited potassium are associated with high systolic blood pressure, but the balance between sodium and potassium intake may be more useful in explaining blood pressure in this population.

SummaryThe release of platelet factor 4 during platelet aggregation was investigated in diabetic patients. We observed an increased release of platelet factor 4 in diabetic patients.The authors suggest that the increased release of platelet factor 4 may play an essential role in pathogenesis of thromboembolic complications in diabetes mellitus.

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Background: Experimental evidence suggests that hyperosmolality may be a causative factor in the development of both salt-sensitive hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). There are no population-wide studies in young persons to assess the relationships among these factors. Objective: To determine the association of serum osmolality and serum sodium with high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among a nationally representative population of adolescents. Method: Relevant data among participants ages 12–14 were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 1999–2012. Serum osmolality was calculated using the Worthley equation. eGFR was calculated using the Counahan-Barratt equation, and values < 90 mL/min/1.73 m² were considered decreased. High SBP was defined as SBP ≥95th percentile for age, height, and sex. Results: A total of 4,168 adolescents were analyzed (representative population: 10,464,592). Adolescents with serum osmolality ≥290 mOsm/kg and/or serum sodium ≥143 mmol/L had increased odds for both high SBP (serum osmolality ≥290 mOsm/kg: OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.03–4.02; sodium ≥143 mmol/L: OR 4.36; 95% CI 1.58–12.04) and decreased eGFR (serum osmolality ≥290 mOsm/kg: OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.18–2.21; sodium ≥143 mmol/L: OR 3.27; 95% CI 1.77–6.03) when compared to participants with values below these thresholds. These thresholds remained significant even after multivariable adjustment. Conclusion: Among adolescents in a nationally representative survey, hypernatremia and hyperosmolality were associated with high SBP and decreased eGFR. These findings may support the hypothesis that an imbalance of salt and water contribute to hypertension and CKD.