The reliability of gray-scale ultrasonography in diagnosing torsion of the testicular appendages was studied in a series of 54 boys with acute non-traumatic scrotal pain. All boys were operated upon, and the appendages extirpated irrespective of their appearance at exploration; the final diagnosis was based on histological examination. Forty-two boys had appendicular torsion, 2 had testicular torsion and 10 had other diagnoses. Using the sign of appendicular torsion--an echogenic extratesticular structure situated between the head of the epididymis and the upper pole of the testis--as the criterion, 37 displayed a true positive, 9 a true negative, 3 a false positive and 5 a false negative diagnosis. Thus, the sensitivity was 88%, the specificity 75% and the positive predictive value 93% respectively. The echogenic mass varied in size from 3 to 17 mm in diameter. In 34 of the 42 cases of appendicular torsion extratesticular fluid was present, and 19 patients showed enlargement of the head of the epididymis. It is concluded that gray-scale sonography is an accurate and valuable tool in diagnosing torsion of the testicular appendages.

The urinary flow was studied in 216 boys and 180 girls, aged 3 days to 16 years. The individual flow pattern was fairly constant. There were considerable variations between different individuals. The ranges of different flow variables at different micturition volumes are given. With increased micturition volume the flow curve showed a plateau in the age group 4-13 years.This plateau seems to be characteristic for children. The maximum flow was positively correlated to the volume of voided urine, as in adults. In girls no difference between age groups could be demonstrated as regards increase in maximum flow with volume. In boys 0-4 years the increase of maximum flow with volume was more pronounced than in boys aged 4-16 years. Girls &16 years showed a more pronounced increase of maximum flow with volume than boys of the same age groupabove 70 ml volume their mean maximum flow was on a higher level. An attempt was made to correlate the maximum flow with height, weight, body surface and age, respectively. The coefficients of correlation were Scand 3 Urol Nephrol4Scand J Urol Nephrol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Alberta on 12/01/14For personal use only. Scand J Urol Nephrol4Scand J Urol Nephrol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Alberta on 12/01/14For personal use only. Scand J Urol Nephrol4,Scand J Urol Nephrol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Alberta on 12/01/14For personal use only. &and I Urol Nephrol4Scand J Urol Nephrol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Alberta on 12/01/14For personal use only.basis of height, weight or body surface area.Analysis of the relation between Q,,, and age, Scand J Urol Nephrol4Scand J Urol Nephrol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Alberta on 12/01/14For personal use only. Scand J Urol Nephrol4Scand J Urol Nephrol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Alberta on 12/01/14For personal use only.

No abstract

The investigation is a retrospective analysis of 2756 skiing injuries from two centers in a Swedish skiing area during the years 1972 to, and including, 1979. The relative frequency of lower extremity injuries successively diminished, while a corresponding increase of upper extremity injuries was found. The relative frequency of ankle and foot injuries declined, while the frequency of knee injuries did not change, knee injuries still being the most common skiing injury. The relative frequency of fractures of the lower leg showed a statistically significant decrease, but, in children, constituted 16% of all injuries at the end of the investigation period. Further studies, with special regard to the children's prerequisites, seem to be necessary to define the desired characteristics of an optimally functioning safety binding for children.

Background In adult males, cross‐sectional area (CSA) for type II muscle fibers is generally larger than for type I fibers. In this cross‐sectional study the aim was to compare sex‐related CSAs of various muscle fiber types during childhood‐to‐adulthood transition. Methods Percutaneous biopsy samples were obtained from vastus lateralis in 10‐y‐old children (10 males and 5 females) and in young adults (9 males and 7 females). Fiber types were classified by myofibrillar ATPase and CSAs from NADH‐dehydrogenase staining. Results Type IIA were larger than type I fibers in adult males, but not in adult females or children (age x sex x fiber type, P < .002). When including all participants, body weight and sex explained 78% of the variation in type IIA CSA but only body weight contributed for type I. Conclusions Sex‐specific patterns in CSA of the muscle fiber types appears to develop during the transition from childhood to adulthood.