Complex elbow dislocations involve periarticular fractures in addition to capsuloligamentous disruption. These dislocations can result from a simple fall on an outstretched hand or from high-energy trauma, and the pattern of injury is affected by the direction of the force causing the injury. Fracture patterns in complex elbow dislocations vary based on whether the injury is posterolateral, anterior, posteromedial, or medial. The primary goals of care in treating complex elbow dislocations include restoring anatomical alignment of the ulnohumeral and radiocapitellar joints, providing stability, and facilitating early motion after definitive treatment. Depending on fracture pattern and joint stability, definitive treatment can be nonoperative with closed reduction and bracing or operative with capsuloligamentous repair, open reduction and internal fixation of fractures, arthroplasty, or application of an external fixator. Common complications include neurovascular injury, chronic instability, posttraumatic arthritis, compartment syndrome, stiffness, and heterotopic ossification. Understanding how best to treat each type of complex elbow dislocation is essential to optimizing long-term elbow mobility and function while avoiding potential complications.

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In recent years, there has been a growing demand to calibrate industrial blackbodies both at short wavelengths for lower temperatures and at long wavelengths for higher temperatures. User requests cover a very wide temperature range, from −20 • C to 1,500 • C in the infrared bands used by thermal cameras or as defined by specific applications (especially the 1-3 µm, 3-5 µm, and 8-12 µm bands). Therefore, LNE (Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais) has developed a radiance comparator with a mirror-based optical system, an associated set of interference filter wheels, a modular holder for several infrared detectors, and a lock-in amplifier. This setup is designed to be very versatile in terms of wavelength and temperature. Targeted performances have a thermal resolution better than 0.05 • C, and a known and controlled size-of-source effect (SSE). A silicon detector and a visible-to-near infrared integrating sphere were used to assess the stray light inside the housing, and supplementary baffles and stops were used to reduce it to an acceptable level. The investigation included measurement of the SSE for this comparator layout. Then, the performance in the 3-5 µm and 8-12 µm bands, using, respectively, indium antimonide (InSb) and mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detectors, was evaluated using a water heat-pipe blackbody. This paper describes the modeling and the technical solutions implemented to optimize the optical system. Preliminary results are presented for the short-term stability, the thermal resolution between −20 • C and 960 • C, and also the SSE up to 60 mm in these bands.

Background: Recurrentlateral patellar dislocation is a devastating condition associated with different pathologies, including medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) injury, increased tibial tubercle to trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, and trochlear dysplasia. This video aims to provide an overview of isolated MPFL reconstruction in a patient with recurrent patellar dislocation and chronic MPFL injury. Indications: Isolated MPFL reconstruction is indicated for patients with recurrent lateral patellar instability following an initial trial of nonoperative management, in the absence of other contributing anatomic factors. Candidates for isolated MPFL reconstruction should have a TT-TG distance of <20 mm, and normal or Dejour type A trochlear morphology. Technique Description: Semitendinosus allograft is used to reconstruct the torn or attenuated MPFL. Following diagnostic arthroscopy, an incision is made over the medial border of the patella and dissection is carried through the skin and subcutaneous tissue to the fascia. Two K-wires are over-drilled and two 3.5-mm Arthrex SwiveLock anchors are placed. The allograft is prepared and whipstitched on both sides. The central portion of the graft is tide down to the anchors. A second incision is then made on the medial side of the knee over the epicondyle. Dissection is carried down to the fascia, and palpation is used to identify Schottles’ point. This is confirmed with fluoroscopy. An 8-mm drill bit is then used to drill to a depth of 60 mm on the femoral side. The grafts are passed one at a time through the femoral tunnel. The femoral side is fixed with an Arthrex BioComposite Interference Screw and the incisions are subsequently irrigated and closed in a layered fashion. Results: MPFL reconstruction demonstrates good functional and clinical outcomes with high rates of patient satisfaction and low rates of failure. A recent systematic review demonstrated an 84% rate of return to sport, improved postoperative outcomes, and pooled risks of recurrent instability and reoperation of less than 5% following isolated MPFL reconstruction. Conclusion: Isolated MPFL reconstruction should be considered for patients with recurrent patellar instability in the absence of other clinical risk factors. The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.