The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin E (VE) supplementation (1200 IU/day) on recovery responses to repeated bouts of resistance exercise. Non-resistance trained men were assigned to supplement with VE (n = 9) or placebo (PL; n = 9) for 3 weeks and then perform 3 resistance exercise sessions separated by 3 days of recovery (EX-1, EX-2, and EX-3). Performance was assessed at EX-1, EX-2, and EX-3. Fasting morning blood samples and perceived muscle soreness were obtained before EX-1 and for 10 consecutive days. Muscle soreness peaked after EX-1 and gradually returned to baseline values by day 6. Lower and upper body maximal strength and explosive power were significantly (p < or = 0.05) decreased at EX-2 and EX-3 (approximately 10%). Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly elevated on days 7 and 8. There were no significant differences between VE and PL in muscle soreness, performance measures, or plasma MDA. Creatine kinase (CK) area under the curve from day 1 to day 10 was significantly greater for VE because of a nearly 2-fold greater increase in CK after EX-1 in VE, compared with PL (404 +/- 146 and 214 +/- 179 U/L, respectively). VE supplementation was not effective at attenuating putative markers of membrane damage, oxidative stress, and performance decrements after repeated bouts of whole-body concentric/eccentric resistance exercise.

Lipids in infant formulas are designed to mimic the composition of human milk and/or approximate the performance of the breastfed infant. Human milk lipids exhibit a complex, highly variable nature, varying by population, dietary intake, time of day, length of feeding and others. Continued understanding and characterization of human milk lipids has led to infant formula innovations aimed at a better comparison to human milk and/or improved dietary lipid utilization in the formula‐fed infant. The underlying aim of such innovation is the generation of outcomes as comparable to human milk feeding as possible. The present paper briefly reviews the current understanding of human milk lipid composition, with a focus on how this knowledge drives current and future innovations in the area of infant formula lipids.

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