Abstract-P-channel, backside illuminated silicon CCDs were developed and fabricated on high-resistivity n-type silicon. Devices have been exposed up to 1 × 10 11 protons/cm 2 at 12 MeV. The charge transfer efficiency and dark curent were measured as a function of radiation dose. These CCDs were found to be significantly more radiation tolerant than conventional n-channel devices. This could prove to be a major benefit for long duration space missions.

It is shown here that one burns 1 gallon of gasoline equivalent in fossil fuels to produce 1 gallon of gasoline equivalent as ethanol from corn. When this corn ethanol is burned as a gasoline additive or fuel, its use amounts to burning the same amount of fuel twice to drive a car once. Therefore, the fuel efficiency of those cars that burn corn ethanol is halved. The widespread use of corn ethanol will cause manifold damage to air, surface water, soil and aquifers. The overall energy balance of corn conversion to ethanol demonstrates that 65% of the input energy is lost during the conversion. Carbon dioxide sequestration by corn is nullified when corn ethanol is burned, and there will be additional carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, and sulfur oxide emissions from the fossil fuels used to produce the ethanol.

Abstract-P-channel, backside illuminated silicon CCDs were developed and fabricated on high-resistivity n-type silicon. Devices have been exposed up to 1 × 10 11 protons/cm 2 at 12 MeV. The charge transfer efficiency and dark curent were measured as a function of radiation dose. These CCDs were found to be significantly more radiation tolerant than conventional n-channel devices. This could prove to be a major benefit for long duration space missions.

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Abstract. This work is based on the rst results from a systematic search for high redshift Type Ia supernovae. Using lters in the R-band we discovered seven such SNe, with redshift z = 0 :3 , 0:5, before or at maximum light. Type Ia SNe are known to be a homogeneous group of SNe, to rst order, with very similar light curves, spectra and peak luminosities. In this talk we report that the light curves we observe are all broadened time dilated as expected from the expanding universe hypothesis. Small variations from the expected 1 + z broadening of the light curve widths can be attributed to a width-brightness correlation that has been observed for nearby SNe z 0:1. We show in this talk the rst clear observation of the cosmological time dilation for macroscopic objects.