No abstract

The design of equipment to sterilise solid-liquid food mixtures continuously requires that the flow properties of such mixtures be understood. Little information is available on food flows, which can consist of high solids fractions of particles of a range of densities in non-Newtonian and viscous liquids. A metal detection system which can log two types of particle in the same experiment has been constructed and used in a loop flow rig to study flows of single particles and carrot-water mixtures. Results can be correlated using the particle Froude number; some preliminary analysis is presented to suggest that data can be correlated against IIFr p . The effect of solids fraction on particle flow velocity has been investigated; greatest variations in the particle velocity appear for stratified flows for solids fractions between 10-20%.

Three sowings of marrowfat peas were made at about 20-day intervals at forty-seven centres in eastern England over 4 years. The sowing period ranged from late February to late April, varying with seasonal conditions. Bird damage caused considerable loss of sowings but satisfactory yield data were obtained from forty-one of the trials.Highest yields were obtained from drillings made in the last 10 days of February. After mid-March each week's delay in sowing resulted in a yield loss of about 3/4 cwt. per acre. Quality fell off slightly from February onwards.Early sowings suffered some loss of plant in tractor wheelings but were negligibly affected by cold weather.Early sowings appear likely to encounter better harvest weather than late sowings and the chances of good harvest weather seem appreciably better in the centre and south of the pea-growing area than in the north. Early sowings mature before the cereal crop, enabling better attention to be given to the pea harvest.It was concluded that the crop should be sown as soon after the middle of February as soil conditions allow.

There has been an increasing amount of research going beyond income-based approaches to social and economic development. Drawing closely on Sen’s capability approach to welfare economics, this article investigates whether the access to, and use of, informal and formal credit is associated with a higher quality of life among the poor in Hong Kong. Specifically, a new survey is constructed, reflecting key theoretical concepts from Sen and Nussbaum’s framework, and regression models are used to estimate relationships between life quality and financial services. Key empirical findings of the article include the existence of the unhappy borrower, the lower level of capability that borrowers have at home relative to those that do not borrow money and how credit is used has an effect on objective well-being.