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FIG. l.-Case 3. Renal biopsy on 17 November 1960. (a) Tubules showing cellular infiltration and bi-refringent crystals (x 195). (b) Glomerulus and tubules (X220). FIG. 2.-Case 3. Renal transplant post mortem. Glomerulus between two red infarcts (X 96). FIG. 3.-Case 3. Renal transplant post mortem. Two vessels showing intimal thickening (X 60).

Summary— Six cases of infection with Schistosoma haematobium complicating renal transplantation in patients from endemic areas have been found. In no case was the diagnosis made before operation; in 3 cases it was established by biopsy at the time of operation and in 3 cases it was established later. Three patients developed complications which appeared to be related to their schistosomiasis. In patients from endemic areas about to undergo renal transplantation, we suggest that pre‐operative and intra‐operative screening for schistosomiasis and other parasitic infections is advisable.

In an analysis, by both crystallographic and microbiological methods, of 50 urinary calculi recently removed by surgical operation, 33 proved to be of metabolic origin (mostly calcium oxalate and some uric acid or urate) and 17 of ‘infective’ origin (struvite, apatite or a mixture of the two). Metabolic stones were usually bacteriologically sterile or contained only small numbers (< 103/g of stone) of bacteria which did not produce urease, while infective stones always contained urease-producing organisms, usually Proteus mirabilis, in large numbers (> 105/g). The combined approach of stone analysis by crystallography and microbiological culture yields more information than conventional techniques on which to base the treatment of urinary calculi and the prevention of their recurrence.

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