Summary We report a case of a previously healthy 24-year-old man with a 3-month history of gastrointestinal symptoms during exercise and also few minutes after the ingestion of cow's milk (CMBodybuilding protein supplements and cow's milk allergy in adult Previous presentationThe data reported in this study was presented by Maria João Sousa (co-authors: Ferreira AR, Moreira Silva JP) at the EAACI Congress 2015 in Barcelona (Spain) 6-10 June 2015, as a poster entitled "Adult-onset cow's milk allergy and Bodybuilding: is there a connection?". It was awarded the Poster Prize (Thematic Poster Session 54) and was published in the abstract form in Allergy 2015; 70(Suppl. S101):611; at the 36a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Portuguesa de Alergologia e Imunologia Clínica in Coimbra (Portugal) 9-11 October 2015, as a poster entitled "Alergia às proteínas do leite de vaca: uma apresentação incomum". It was awarded the 1 st Poster Prize (Poster Session IV) and was published in the abstract form in Rev Port Imunoalergologia 2015; 23(Suppl. 1):64.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be responsible for hypersensitivity reactions varying in severity, clinical manifestations and frequency. We report the case of a 47-year-old woman with HIV infection who developed a delayed mucocutaneous reaction after treatment with ART. Hypersensitivty reaction (HR) to emtricitabine and tenofovir was considered probable based on positive patch tests (PT) and hypersensitivity reaction to nevirapine was confirmed by drug provocation test. The diagnosis of HR to ART remains a diagnostic challenge, partly due to unknown mechanism and the absence of validated diagnostic tools. Patch testing may represent a useful method for confirming hypersensitivity. Further investigation in this area is required, so that successful management strategies can be offered, preventing loss of potent and viable antiretroviral agents.

Aquagenic urticaria (AU) is a rare form of chronic inducible urticaria elicited by water at any temperature. We describe the case of a 25-year-old atopic woman who presented to our unit with a 4-year history of recurrent urticarial rashes, highly pruritic, confined to the neck and lower part of the face, occurring solely on contact with sea water. The lesions were reproduced by challenge tests with aqueous 3.5% NaCl and other hypertonic aqueous solutions but not with 20% glucose neither tap water. Our case supports the existence of a distinct salt-dependent subtype of aquagenic urticaria (SDAU), which seems to be triggered mostly by sea bathing, affects young women and has a characteristic localization on the inferior facial contours and neck. To the best of our knowledge, only eight cases of SDAU have been reported in the literature.