FORT MONMOUTH, NEW JERSEY 07703-5302 NOTICES DisclaimersThe citation of trade names and names of manufacturers in this report is not to be construed as official Government indorsement or approval of commercial products or services referenced herein. Destruction NoticeDestroy this report when it is no longer needed. "itThe UV/ozone method, which is reviewed in this repo-Tt, is anefective method of removing a vat jety of contaminants from surfaces. It is a simlple-to-use dry process which is inexpensive to set up and operate. It can rapidly produce clean surfaces, in air 3r in a I vacuum systemn, at ambient temperatures. Placing properly precleaned surfaces wilhin a few millimeters of an ozonIe-producing UV Source can produce clean surfaces in less than one mlinute.

Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) based resonators and filters, ranging in frequencies from kHz to GHz, have been proposed. The question of how the stabilities of such resonators scale with dimensions is examined in this paper, with emphasis on the noise characteristics. When the dimensions of a resonator become small, instabilities that are negligible in macro-scale devices become prominent. The effects of fluctuations in temperature, adsorbing/desorbing molecules, outgassing, Brownian motion, Johnson noise, drive power and self-heating, and random vibration are explored. When the device is small, the effects of fluctuations in the numbers of photons, phonons, electrons and adsorbed molecules can all affect the noise characteristics. For all but the random vibration-induced noise, reducing the dimensions increases the noise. At submicron dimensions, especially, the frequency noise due to temperature fluctuations, Johnson noise, and adsorption/desorption are likely to limit the applications of ultra-small resonators.

FORT MONMOUTH, NEW JERSEY 07703-5302 NOTICES DisclaimersThe citation of trade names and names of manufacturers in this report is not to be construed as official Government indorsement or approval of commercial products or services referenced herein. Destruction NoticeDestroy this report when it is no longer needed. "itThe UV/ozone method, which is reviewed in this repo-Tt, is anefective method of removing a vat jety of contaminants from surfaces. It is a simlple-to-use dry process which is inexpensive to set up and operate. It can rapidly produce clean surfaces, in air 3r in a I vacuum systemn, at ambient temperatures. Placing properly precleaned surfaces wilhin a few millimeters of an ozonIe-producing UV Source can produce clean surfaces in less than one mlinute.

No abstract

This tutorial reviews the subject of digital measurements of clocks and oscillators. It focuses primarily on the precision measurement of phase and the use of these measurements in estimating phase and frequency and common statistics such as the Allan deviation and the spectral density of phase. The subject matter includes direct counting, interpolating counters, dividers, heterodyne conversion, and dual-mixer systems. Biases in the measurements caused by aliasing and measurement quantization are evaluated. Analog techniques, which are used primarily to evaluate phase noise, are covered in a related tutorial.Samuel R. Stein is founder and President of Timing Solutions Corporation, a company that specializes in real-time applications and that provides timing systems to National Laboratories, DoD programs such as GPS, and Government Prime Contractors. He has developed ultra high precision time measurement, generation and distribution systems and is an internationally recognized leader in time and frequency measurement methods and the ensembling of clocks. He was previously