Fundamental limits on the frequency stabilities of crystal oscillators

Walls, F.L.; Vig, J.R.

doi:10.1109/58.393101

Cited by 122 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…As the size scales are reduced and frequencies increased, however, the short-term stability of the resonator will be limited by certain fundamental noise processes. 8 These noise processes include the thermomechanical noise generated by the internal loss mechanisms in the resonator, 9 NyquistJohnson noise from the readout circuitry, 10 and adsorptiondesorption noise from residual gas molecules in the resonator packaging. 11 Another noise source is due to temperature fluctuations caused by the finite thermal conductance of the resonator; 12 these fluctuations are fundamental to any object with finite heat capacity, and are distinct from environmental thermal drifts that can be controlled using oven-heated packaging, similar to that used for high-precision quartz clocks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise processes in nanomechanical resonators

Cleland

Roukes

2002

Journal of Applied Physics

424

431

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Nanomechanical resonators can be fabricated to achieve high natural resonance frequencies, approaching 1 GHz, with quality factors in excess of 10 4 . These resonators are candidates for use as highly selective rf filters and as precision on-chip clocks. Some fundamental and some nonfundamental noise processes will present limits to the performance of such resonators. These include thermomechanical noise, Nyquist-Johnson noise, and adsorption-desorption noise; other important noise sources include those due to thermal fluctuations and defect motion-induced noise. In this article, we develop a self-contained formalism for treating these noise sources, and use it to estimate the impact that these noise processes will have on the noise of a model nanoscale resonator, consisting of a doubly clamped beam of single-crystal Si with a natural resonance frequency of 1 GHz.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise processes in nanomechanical resonators

Cleland

Roukes

2002

Journal of Applied Physics

424

431

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“…It also compensates the temperature-frequency characteristics of two quartz crystals, enabling very stable transducer functioning in an extended temperature range. In addition, it also compensates the influence of any other electronic circuit element, and foresees the functioning of the sensitive capacitive element (in case reactances are capacitive) [4][5][6][7]. Temperature-wise, the new method makes possible a stable functioning of the small reactance conversion to a frequency signal with a small number of elements in a transducer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When using AT-cut crystals (cut angle: 0`) (The plate contains the crystal's x axis and is inclined by 35°15' from the z (optic) axis. The frequency-temperature curve is a sine-shaped curve with inflection point at around 25-35 °C) in oscillators, a frequency change in the oscillation up to few Hz of the crystal can be detected in the range between 10−50 °C [4,21]. The crystals used in the experiment ( Figure 1) were AT-cut (cut angle: 0`) [8] crystals with the temperature change ±3 ppm in the range 0−50 °C.…”

Section: Frequency Stability Of the Transducermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The output f out thus represents the temperature and any other influence compensated frequency signal which is synchronously measured with regard to the switching frequency f Sw = 10 Hz (thus the converter response time is 100 ms). Capacitance C 1 serves to suppress the spurious responses to avoid crystal oscillation at higher or lower frequencies [4]. …”

Section: Reactance-to-frequency Transducer Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Sensitive Dual Quartz Reactance-to-Frequency Transducer

Matko¹

2017

J Nanosci Adv Tech

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A new high sensitivity temperature-compensated reactanceto-frequency transducer with two quartz crystals oscillating in the switching oscillating circuit is presented. The novelty of this method lies in the switching-mode converter bringing a considerable reduction of the temperature influence of AT-cut crystal (the crystal's x axis is inclined by 35°15' from the z (optic) axis) frequency change in the temperature range between 10−50 °C and in the use of additionally connected sensing reactance in parallel to the shunt capacitances of the two quartzes. The oscillator switching method and parallel switching reactances connected to the quartz crystals do not only compensate crystals' natural temperature characteristics but also any other influences on the crystals such as ageing of both the crystals and other oscillating circuit elements. In addition, the method also improves reactance-to-frequency sensitivity, linearity and reduces the output frequency measurement error. The experimental results show that through high temperature compensation improvement of the quartz crystals' characteristics, this switching method theoretically enables a 100 zF resolution. It converts capacitance in the range 4−8 pF to frequency in the range 2−100 kHz.

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“…5 The frequency stability is governed by extrinsic processes ͑originating from the transducer and readout circuitry͒ 6,7 and intrinsic processes fundamental to the nanomechanical resonator itself. [3][4][5]8 The enhanced sensitivity that is attainable in NEMS, 5,9 in combination with ultrasensitive transduction techniques, [3][4][5]10 indicates that fundamental fluctuation processes are likely to determine their overall sensing performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Limit to mass sensitivity of nanoresonators with random rough surfaces due to intrinsic sources and interactions with the surrounding gas

Palasantzas

2008

Journal of Applied Physics

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Limit to mass sensitivity of nanoresonators with random rough surfaces due to intrinsic sources and interactions with the surrounding gas Palasantzas, Georgios Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 11-05-2018Limit to mass sensitivity of nanoresonators with random rough surfaces due to intrinsic sources and interactions with the surrounding gas We investigate initially the influence of thermomechanical and momentum exchange noise on the limit to mass sensitivity ⌬m of nanoresonators with random rough surfaces, which are characterized by the roughness amplitude w, the correlation length , and the roughness exponent 0 Ͻ H Ͻ 1. In fact, ⌬m increases with increasing roughness ͑decreasing H and/or increasing ratio w / ͒ if the quality factor associated with thermomechanical noise is larger than that due to momentum exchange noise. Finally, the influence of adsorption-desorption noise, which is also influenced by the surface morphology, is shown to play a minimal role in the presence of the other two noise sources.

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Fundamental limits on the frequency stabilities of crystal oscillators

Cited by 122 publications

References 67 publications

Noise processes in nanomechanical resonators

Noise processes in nanomechanical resonators

Highly Sensitive Dual Quartz Reactance-to-Frequency Transducer

Limit to mass sensitivity of nanoresonators with random rough surfaces due to intrinsic sources and interactions with the surrounding gas

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