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To evaluate resistive index in various stages of liver cirrhosis and to determine its significance in developing hepatorenal syndrome. METHODS: Study included 60 cirrhotic patients divided into 4 groups (15 patients each): compensated liver cirrhosis (group A), diuretic responsive ascites (group B), refractory ascites (group C), hepatorenal syndrome (group D) and ten healthy persons as control group (E). All patients subjected to detailed history taking and clinical examination. Laboratory investigations included simple urine analysis, complete blood picture, liver function tests, blood urea and serum creatinine, serum sodium and serum potassium, and protein concentration. Ultrasonographic examination and renal duplex Doppler were under taken to assess the Resistive index. RESULTS: The RI of interlobar and arcuate arteries were significantly higher in all patient groups than in control group (p <0.05), the RI was significantly higher in patients with refractory ascites than in patients with diuretic responsive ascites, and also in patient of diuretic responsible ascites than in patients with compensated cirrhosis (p < 0.05), in patient with hepatorenal syndrome than in patient with diuretic responsive ascites and patients with compensated cirrhosis (p<0.05). Also Creatinine levels & blood urea levels in patients with the hepatorenal syndrome was significantly higher than that of other different groups (p<0.05) but there was no significant change in creatinine levels between patients with compensated cirrhosis and control group. While creatinine levels in patient with diuretic responsive ascites was significantly higher than that in patient with compensated cirrhosis (p<0.05) there was no significant change between patient with diuretic responsive ascites and patient with refractory ascites. CONCLUSION: Resistive index increases with degree of hepatic decompensation. Renal duplex ultrasound is a noninvasive, simple and easy method to study intrarenal hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis may predict patients at risk of hepatorenal impairment.

BACKGROUNDThe potential of MRI in the evaluation of suspected neoplasms of the spinal cord is highly recognised. With the advent of surface coils and improved imaging techniques, the superiority of MRI over myelography and post-myelography Computed Tomography (CT) in the assessment of intramedullary tumours was established. MRI also proved to be as efficacious as the traditional modalities in the evaluation of suspected extradural tumour impinging on the thecal sac. With the advent of contrast agents, MRI proved to be at least as effective as myelography and post-myelography CT in the evaluation of suspected intradural extramedullary tumours.

To evaluate abnormalities of male anterior urethra using high resolution ultrasound (sonourethrography) and to detect degree of spongiofibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 80 male patients between age group 10 to70 years with symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction underwent sonourethrography (SUG) between September 2012 to September 2013 in department of Radiodiagnosis G.R. Medical College & Jayarogya Hospital, Gwalior. The findings of sonourethrography are compared with intraoperative findings. RESULT: In this study, most of the patients presented with thin stream of urine (90%), followed by straining on micturition(60%).Etiologically, the commonest cause for stricture was found to be traumatic which was seen in 35 (43%) cases followed by previous surgery in 20(25%) and infective in 15 (18%)cases. No cause could be detected in 10 (14%) cases. Anterior urethral strictures were found in majority of cases 60 followed by calculi 4 cases and diverticuli 4 cases on sonourethrography with sensitivity and specificity of 98.5% and 90.9% respectively(p value < 0.0001).The most common site involved was bulbar urethera 53.3 % followed by penile in 33.3 % & diffuse in 13.3% on sonourethrography. Of 54 cases detected to have spongiofibrosis at surgery, 44 were detected by sonourethrography with sensitivity and specificity of 81.4% and 92.3% respectively (p value < 0.0001) which is considered statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We conclude that sonourethrography is a reliable investigation for evaluation of male anterior urethral pathology and degree of spongiofibrosis. It is simple, noninvasive, inexpensive and repeatable with no exposure of radiation to gonads. We believe that sonourethrography should be included in the presurgical investigation protocol for urethral stricture and for post-operative follow-up of patients.

). Ultrasound evaluation of cervical lymph-nodes was done using high frequency (7.5-MHz) linear transducer in 100 patients. Various Parameters such as size, shape (L/S ratio), hilar echogenicity, micro calcification, color flow pattern and R.I. (resistive index) were applied to assess the lymph nodes. Fine needle aspiration cytology of these lymph nodes was done under ultrasound guidance and sent for cytological evaluation. Finally results of ultrasound and cytology compared. In this study ultrasound examination of total 100 patients with subsequent F.N.A.C of cervical lymph node was done. Out of 100 pt 74 were having benign and 26 were having malignant etiology. In this study we found size criterion has sensitivity of 84.6%, specificity 67.5% PPV 47.8% NPV 92.5%.L/S ratio criterion has sensitivity 88.6%, specificity 75.6%, PPV 56.1%, and NPV 94.9%. Hilar echogenicity criterion has sensitivity 76%, specificity 82.4%, PPV 60.6%, NPV 91.9%. Using micro-calcification criterion we got sensitivity of 30.7%, specificity 97.2%, PPV 80%, NPV 80%. Peripheral vascularity criterion has sensitivity of 84.6%, specificity 70.2%, PPV 50 %and NPV 92.8%. Finally R.I. value has sensitivity 92.3% specificity 71.6% PPV 53% and NPV 96.3%. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Sonographic examination of cervical lymph nodes. To do FNAC of cervical lymph nodes. Comparison of ultrasound findings of cervical lymph node with Cytological findings. To assess sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ultrasound in diagnosing malignant and benign nature of cervical lymph node. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of ultrasound in differentiation of normal/reactive nodes from malignant one. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective study conducted in department of radio diagnosis, G.R. Medical College and JA groups of hospitals Gwalior using USG machine Aloka Pro sound Alpha-6 (Aloka Trivitron Pvt. Ltd. Tokyo Japan). Linear 7.5-MHz probe was used for real-time B-scans of the neck, during period of one year. All the patients sent for USG guided FNAC from cervical lymph nodes were scanned sonographically. All the patients send to radiological assessment of cervical lymph adenopathy were scanned sonographically and USG guided FNAC from lymph nodes were taken in selected patients. Total one hundred patients were examined and F.N.A.C of these patient's lymph node was done. Findings of ultrasound and cytology were compared.