Background: Brain metastasis has been the most common primary intracranial space occupying lesion (ICSOL) in adult patients.The main systemic malignancies presenting with high tendency to invade brain parenchyma are –lung, breast, melanoma, renal and colon cancers etc. Aims and Objectives: To study the various radiological presentations in cases of intracranial metatstasis.      To assess the radiological presentations to differentiate metastasis from other differential diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The present cross sectional study was carried out amongst 32 patients who had been visited tertiary care hospital in Kolkata with radiological features and histopathology suggestive of metastatic lesion. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 46.56 years and the maximum number of cases presented in 5th and 6th decades of life. CT Scan showed 75% patient had metastatic lesion appearing hyperdense on plain study and 25% had lesion hypodense on plain CT Scan. On T1 weighted images- In 75% of patient the metastatic lesions were hypointense to brain parenchyma and in 12.5% they were isointense and 12.5% they were hyperintense.T2 weighted images- In 62.5% of patient the metastatic lesions were hyperintense to brain parenchyma and in 25% patients they were isointense and in 12.5% they were hypointense. Contrast Images – 37.5% of patients had homogenous enhancement and 50% had heterogeneous enhancement and 12.5% had ring shaped enhancement. In Biopsy about 75% the metastatic lesion turned out to be metastatic carcinoma. Conclusion: A thorough and systematic approach to radiological investigation is crucial for proper identification of intracranial metastatic lesions.

To evaluate resistive index in various stages of liver cirrhosis and to determine its significance in developing hepatorenal syndrome. METHODS: Study included 60 cirrhotic patients divided into 4 groups (15 patients each): compensated liver cirrhosis (group A), diuretic responsive ascites (group B), refractory ascites (group C), hepatorenal syndrome (group D) and ten healthy persons as control group (E). All patients subjected to detailed history taking and clinical examination. Laboratory investigations included simple urine analysis, complete blood picture, liver function tests, blood urea and serum creatinine, serum sodium and serum potassium, and protein concentration. Ultrasonographic examination and renal duplex Doppler were under taken to assess the Resistive index. RESULTS: The RI of interlobar and arcuate arteries were significantly higher in all patient groups than in control group (p <0.05), the RI was significantly higher in patients with refractory ascites than in patients with diuretic responsive ascites, and also in patient of diuretic responsible ascites than in patients with compensated cirrhosis (p < 0.05), in patient with hepatorenal syndrome than in patient with diuretic responsive ascites and patients with compensated cirrhosis (p<0.05). Also Creatinine levels & blood urea levels in patients with the hepatorenal syndrome was significantly higher than that of other different groups (p<0.05) but there was no significant change in creatinine levels between patients with compensated cirrhosis and control group. While creatinine levels in patient with diuretic responsive ascites was significantly higher than that in patient with compensated cirrhosis (p<0.05) there was no significant change between patient with diuretic responsive ascites and patient with refractory ascites. CONCLUSION: Resistive index increases with degree of hepatic decompensation. Renal duplex ultrasound is a noninvasive, simple and easy method to study intrarenal hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis may predict patients at risk of hepatorenal impairment.

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To evaluate abnormalities of male anterior urethra using high resolution ultrasound (sonourethrography) and to detect degree of spongiofibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 80 male patients between age group 10 to70 years with symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction underwent sonourethrography (SUG) between September 2012 to September 2013 in department of Radiodiagnosis G.R. Medical College & Jayarogya Hospital, Gwalior. The findings of sonourethrography are compared with intraoperative findings. RESULT: In this study, most of the patients presented with thin stream of urine (90%), followed by straining on micturition(60%).Etiologically, the commonest cause for stricture was found to be traumatic which was seen in 35 (43%) cases followed by previous surgery in 20(25%) and infective in 15 (18%)cases. No cause could be detected in 10 (14%) cases. Anterior urethral strictures were found in majority of cases 60 followed by calculi 4 cases and diverticuli 4 cases on sonourethrography with sensitivity and specificity of 98.5% and 90.9% respectively(p value < 0.0001).The most common site involved was bulbar urethera 53.3 % followed by penile in 33.3 % & diffuse in 13.3% on sonourethrography. Of 54 cases detected to have spongiofibrosis at surgery, 44 were detected by sonourethrography with sensitivity and specificity of 81.4% and 92.3% respectively (p value < 0.0001) which is considered statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We conclude that sonourethrography is a reliable investigation for evaluation of male anterior urethral pathology and degree of spongiofibrosis. It is simple, noninvasive, inexpensive and repeatable with no exposure of radiation to gonads. We believe that sonourethrography should be included in the presurgical investigation protocol for urethral stricture and for post-operative follow-up of patients.

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