The purpose of this paper is to discuss a model or methodology for evaluating the proficiency or performance of military teams. The methoclology is appropriate for evaluating the performance of any team type rierforming any of its assigned mission. The methodology contains proceclures for assessing both team process (team behavior) and team outcome (team success). Application of the methodology to a specific team performing a specific mission generates information which is useful in identifying team training deficiencies and in establishing team training requirements. The procedure is also useful for assessing the effects of t.eam training, i.e., for measuring the amount and kind o f team proficiency realized as a result of specific training. Introduction and Background

This paper reviews t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s and a p p l i c a t i o n o f computer c o n t r o l l e d s i m u l a t i o n f o r maintenance t r a i n i n g , and discusses an approach t o enhance t h e t r a i n i n g c o s t -e f f e c t i v e n e s s and l i f e -c y c l e a f f o r d a b i l i t y through t h e development o f generic, 8 1 t a i l o r a b l e " software f o r s i m u l a t i o n c o n t r o l and implementation. A m u l t i -l e v e l e d , generic s o f t w a r e a r c h i t e c t u r e i s described a h i g h l e v e l o f abstraction, and suggestions f o r developing an i n i t i a l c a p a b i l i t y f o r generic s i m u l a t i o n software are presented.

Aproved for puboic refem; distribution vntImfted.Thi rpol,,, .-subted! by the contractorbebe. ha bn, I aseem to DefeiTechnical Information Center (DTIC) to comply with reulatory requiremenot. It hae been #g s primary distibutlon other than to DTIC-L n will be avalale only thiosgh DTIC or othre sfeene wel4ee such m the National Technical Information I elee (TI•S). TM icr. opinin. ed/ fndi ngs tai in this eon mwe th of the Mrathos) and I old not be construed a an official Deptmtnt of the Army position. policy, or decision, unle so designated by other official documnentetion. )his report describes A model of team organization and performance, and' a, method for describing the structures and behavior of teams. Both the model and descrip tion method were developed and validated through the field-observation of Army team& performing selected team missions. The. model. is a set of c~oncepts, which are used to describe the formal and actual (mission) structure of teams and the behavior of teams and team members. The description *Method, essentially provides a, structured means of identifying, gathering, and verifying the data f required to describe teams and team missions, using the concepts of the-model. SIECURITY CLASSFICATION OF TNISPG (yWnotoftr RequiremtentVhie obtj.'ctiv's of this first year of a three-year research effort were to develop two research products:(1) a model of the organization .and performance of any military team performing any team mission; and (2) a stroictured, procedural method for describing the structure, organization, and performance of teams, based on the model. This report describes both the model and description method, including discussion. of the way in which these two products were developed and validated. ProcedureThe,investigators initiall.y recognized that no existing model of team or small group behavior was sufficiently general and comprehensive to be used as a foundation for the model to be developed.Under this basic condition, a "primitive" model of the behavioral elements of team performance was created at the outset of the effort, This primitive model evolved into the present model in two ways.First, the existing literature on team and small group behavior was reviewed to identify useful concepts which could contribute to a general model of team organization and behavior.Potentially useful concepts were synthesized and incorporated into the primitive model.Most major features of the model were developed through the observation of a variety of Army teams performing many different team missions. Four ofwaves"e of observation were conducted during model development at different FOkSCOM posts.At each post, several observers watched teams performing missions and discussed the missions with members of the teams that were observed.Each of the teams, and missions, performed was described in terms of the concepts of the model as it existed at the time of observation.. When new concepts or features were needed to adequately describe teams or missions, such concepts were developed an...

When Goverment drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely Goverment-related procurement, the United States Government incurs no responsibility or any obligation whatsoever. The fact that the Governuent may have formulated or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, is not to be regarded by implication, or otherwise in any manner construed, as licensing the holder, or any other person or corporation; or as conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto. The Public Affairs Office has reviewed this paper, and it is releasable to the National Technical Information Service, where it will be available to the general public, including foreign nationals. This paper has been reviewed and is approved for publication.

The collstruct of mental models has been developed to explain cognitive processes and phenomena in a number of domains. Effective mental models provide structures for knowledge that enable interpreting and predicting external phenomena. Recent research has established the primacy of team members' development and maintenance of mental models with certain elements shared among team members, as a critical determinant of team performance. These shared mental models should include representation of (1) the team's structure; (2) team roles and role interdependencies; (3) patterns and modes of communication among roles and team members, (4) the team's tasks, and (5) critical characteristics of the team performance situation or context. Remaining to be developed are means and methods for developing effective shared mental models supporting team performance.