Resuscitation and acute respiratory care must be taught to all personnel involved in the management of everyday emergencies and mass casualties. Personnel range from the lay public to physician specialists. In deciding who should be taught what and how one must consider the limitations of learning ability of trainees and of resources. Mouth-to-mouth ventilation can be learned by laymen merely from viewing pictures, but better with manikin practice to perfection. CPR steps A-B-C can be effectively taught to non-physicians including laymen with instructor-coached manikin practice to perfection. but also with self-practice coached by audiotape, and to some extent even by frequent film viewing only without manikin practice. In 1972, A. Laerdal invented a CPR steps A-B-C self-training system consisting of a recording manikin, flipcharts and the coaching audiotape. We added a demonstration film to be shown before manikin practice.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a model or methodology for evaluating the proficiency or performance of military teams. The methoclology is appropriate for evaluating the performance of any team type rierforming any of its assigned mission. The methodology contains proceclures for assessing both team process (team behavior) and team outcome (team success). Application of the methodology to a specific team performing a specific mission generates information which is useful in identifying team training deficiencies and in establishing team training requirements. The procedure is also useful for assessing the effects of t.eam training, i.e., for measuring the amount and kind o f team proficiency realized as a result of specific training. Introduction and Background

0O 111u~,l) OFFICE SYMBOL 9 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (if ippli(Jble) F31-8COT F." I, 1ii Rf-,ojrceS aboratory HQ AFHRL F31-8C01 4 F,* i r, *~i re ind ZIP Codie) * (OSAFI CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)_ *) >5,) S(JBGROUP acquisition model specification 0509 instructional system development analysis simulator design I , .-maintenance simulators training devices ii A.U6iJA(T lContinue do reverse it necessary and identify by block number) This tii.chnica1 paper presents a model for documenting training equipment designs derived from an Instructiosil-,ystem Development (ISO) analysis. The model, presented in &-,handbook-ypil),ormat, contains blanks to be c-mprtorl hV the ISD analyst(s). Since the model is appropriate for documenting various kinds .of possible des'~s "th mde'.S arcompanied by an appendix which provides instructions for applying-#,t *Odel* 'The model pr, vides a method for communicating a specific training equipment design to the procurement office after A"~-ISD ana lysis has est~blished a need for a maintenance trainer. The model has been specifically organized and f,,rmatted Such. that it can be easily used by procurement office personnel to prepare the procurement specifIcation that eventually goes to contractors for bids. The model provide-, tie ISD analysts an opportunity to specify such design information as (a) characteristics of the target population who wll use the trainer: (b) a I Ist of tht,'tra in Ing object ives to be ach ieved us ing-4~etra~~r.. alist of th~e, tasks to be practiced and/or acquired on the trainer adals ftt ialfunctis ns t,,)e presented by the FP41ifter for isolation and/or correction' (d) a scenario discussing how the' rl S70,j jr,-4 A.

No abstract

Aproved for puboic refem; distribution vntImfted.Thi rpol,,, .-subted! by the contractorbebe. ha bn, I aseem to DefeiTechnical Information Center (DTIC) to comply with reulatory requiremenot. It hae been #g s primary distibutlon other than to DTIC-L n will be avalale only thiosgh DTIC or othre sfeene wel4ee such m the National Technical Information I elee (TI•S). TM icr. opinin. ed/ fndi ngs tai in this eon mwe th of the Mrathos) and I old not be construed a an official Deptmtnt of the Army position. policy, or decision, unle so designated by other official documnentetion. )his report describes A model of team organization and performance, and' a, method for describing the structures and behavior of teams. Both the model and descrip tion method were developed and validated through the field-observation of Army team& performing selected team missions. The. model. is a set of c~oncepts, which are used to describe the formal and actual (mission) structure of teams and the behavior of teams and team members. The description *Method, essentially provides a, structured means of identifying, gathering, and verifying the data f required to describe teams and team missions, using the concepts of the-model. SIECURITY CLASSFICATION OF TNISPG (yWnotoftr RequiremtentVhie obtj.'ctiv's of this first year of a three-year research effort were to develop two research products:(1) a model of the organization .and performance of any military team performing any team mission; and (2) a stroictured, procedural method for describing the structure, organization, and performance of teams, based on the model. This report describes both the model and description method, including discussion. of the way in which these two products were developed and validated. ProcedureThe,investigators initiall.y recognized that no existing model of team or small group behavior was sufficiently general and comprehensive to be used as a foundation for the model to be developed.Under this basic condition, a "primitive" model of the behavioral elements of team performance was created at the outset of the effort, This primitive model evolved into the present model in two ways.First, the existing literature on team and small group behavior was reviewed to identify useful concepts which could contribute to a general model of team organization and behavior.Potentially useful concepts were synthesized and incorporated into the primitive model.Most major features of the model were developed through the observation of a variety of Army teams performing many different team missions. Four ofwaves"e of observation were conducted during model development at different FOkSCOM posts.At each post, several observers watched teams performing missions and discussed the missions with members of the teams that were observed.Each of the teams, and missions, performed was described in terms of the concepts of the model as it existed at the time of observation.. When new concepts or features were needed to adequately describe teams or missions, such concepts were developed an...