SUMMARYNine isolates of infectious bronchitis (IB)-like viruses were made from 23 flocks (broilers or layers) in Chile experiencing the types of disease problems commonly associated with IBV. Their identity as IB viruses was confirmed. The histological changes they caused in tracheal organ cultures (OC) are described.Serum neutralisation tests performed in embryonated eggs (α-method) suggested that four of the isolates were serologically related to the Massachusetts (Mass) serotype of IBV and one to Connecticut. The four other strains were examined further by a serum neutralisation test in OC (ß-method). One was found to be of the Mass serotype but the others were found to be unrelated antigenically to a wide range of IBV serotypes isolated in many countries over a number of years. One of these three strains and the Mass strain, when given intranasally to 8-day-old specified pathogen free chickens together with pathogenic serotypes of E.coli, caused some mortality and considerable morbidity. The H120 vaccine strain was found not to protect completely against challenge with these four strains 21 days later.

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is involved in the normal physiology of many immunocompetent organs, including lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens. Involvement of apoptosis has also been described in some viral diseases such as AIDS. The purpose of this work was to study the potential role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of Gumboro disease in the bursa of Fabricius. Our results show that 1-3 days after infection of young chickens with infectious bursal disease virus, the number of apoptotic cells increases and cellularity and proliferation decrease. Because of the dynamic nature of bursal lymphocyte populations and the involvement of apoptosis in lymphocyte cell physiology, the increased level of cells undergoing apoptosis may be due to an impairment in the withdrawal of apoptotic cells. A concomitant increase in macrophages in infected bursae and a dramatic decrease in cellularity suggest that an increase in apoptosis may be an important cause of cell depletion.

Resumen: Este trabajo analizó el estado de recuperación de la vegetación del Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, incendiada entre diciembre de 2011 y marzo de 2012. El cálculo y comparación del NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) del área afectada a lo largo de una serie temporal de 24 imágenes Landsat adquiridas antes, durante y después del incendio (2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015), permitió apreciar la variación temporal en los niveles de biomasa de la vegetación afectada. La posterior clasificación y comparación de los índices espectrales NDVI, NBR (Normalized Burnt Ratio) y NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index), en un par de imágenes pre-y post-incendio con disponibilidad de datos completos y fenológicamente compatibles (adquiridas en octubre de 2009 y 2014), permitió analizar y mapear el estado de recuperación de la vegetación afectada. Los resultados muestran que el área de las dos clases inferiores de todos los índices espectrales de la fecha pre-incendio pasó a ser la más dominante en la fecha post-incendio. El cruce de clases de NDVI pre-y post-incendio mediante una matriz de error evidenció que la clase más alta y prevaleciente de NDVI pre-incendio, correspondiente en su mayor parte a bosque higromórfico y matorral preandino, se tornó la clase más baja en 2014. El resto del área de estudio, compuesta principalmente por estepa patagónica, restableció sus niveles de biomasa en 2014, exhibiendo en gran medida las mismas clases de NDVI pre-incendio. Estos resultados podrían proveer directrices para el monitoreo y manejo de la regeneración de la vegetación impactada por este incendio.Palabras clave: NDVI, Landsat, incendios forestales, series temporales de imágenes, matriz de error. The results show that the area of the lowest classes of all the spectral indices of the pre-fire date became the most dominant on the post-fire date. The pre-and postfire NDVI class crossing by a confusion matrix showed that the highest and most prevailing pre-fire NDVI classes, mostly corresponding to hydromorphic forests and Andean scrubs, turned into the lowest class in 2014. The remaining area, comprising Patagonian steppe, reestablished its biomass levels in 2014, mostly exhibiting the same pre-fire NDVI classes. These results may provide guidelines to monitor and manage the regeneration of the vegetation impacted by this fire. Mapping the recovery of the burnt vegetation by classifying pre-and post-fire spectral indices

Summary Aspergillosis in Wild Goose (Chloëphaga poliocephala Scl., 1857) in Chile The first report of Aspergillus fumigatus in wild goose (Cloëphaga poliocephala Scl., 1857) in the South of Chile is presented. The diagnosis was carried out considering the anatomo‐pathological characteristics of the lesions and the isolation identification of the aethiological agent according to Thom and Raper's methodology. Resumen Se comunica el primer hallazgo de Aspergillus fumigatus en ganso silvestre (Chloëphaga poliocephala) en el sur de Chile. El diagnóstico fue realizado considerando características anatomopatológicas de las lesiones presentes y aislamiento e identificación del agente etiológico mediante la clave de Thom y Raper (1945). Zusammenfassung Aspergillose bei Wildgänsen (Graukopfgans, Chloephaga poliocephala Scl., 1857) in Chile Es wird der erste Fall von Aspergillus‐fumigatus‐Mykose bei einer Wildgansart (Graukopfgans, Chloephaga poliocephala) im Süden Chiles mitgeteilt. Die Diagnose wurde aufgrund pathologischanatomischer Befunde und durch Isolierung und Identifizierung des ätiologischen Agens mittels des Schlüssels von Thom und Raper (1945) gestellt.

Background: Gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella spp. is mainly related to the consumption of undercooked chicken meat or raw poultry products. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in chicken carcasses and giblets commercialized in Southern Chile (Valdivia city). Methodology: A total of 560 samples were collected from four supermarkets and one poultry products dealer, during two periods (autumnwinter and spring-summer periods), and analysed for Salmonella using standard bacteriological procedures. Results: Five out of 280 analyzed carcasses (1.8%) and one out of 280 (0.4%) chicken giblets were Salmonella positive. The isolation frequency of Salmonella spp. considering the total samples analyzed was 1.1%. Salmonella Enteritidis was the only serotype isolated. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in the isolation rates between the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods were found. Conclusion: Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated in low frequency from chicken carcasses and giblets commercialized in Southern Chile (Valdivia city); however, in spite of the low frequency of contaminated samples, this kind of food could be a potential vehicle of Salmonella infection to humans.