In the basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process, fast dissolution of lime in slag would promote quick formation of a suitable slag, which could increase the process productivity and improve the steel quality at reduced cost. Many studies have been carried out to investigate the dissolution of lime in slag in terms of the mechanism, dissolution rate and influencing factors under well controlled experimental conditions. In this study, the dissolution of lime in BOS slag was studied by characterising the lime particle and its surrounding area in the slag samples taken from a laboratory induction furnace during hot metal dephosphorisation experiment, a 6 t pilot plant converter and a 320 t industrial converter. The mechanism of lime dissolution in BOS slag is discussed under varying dynamic conditions from laboratory experiment to industrial converter.

A new approach was made to model the dephosphorisation process in a 300 tons basic oxygen furnace converter with three argon gas inlets. The main feature of the new approach was to utilise the velocity vectors obtained by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in a standalone model. The CFD simulation was carried out using commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. In the standalone model, the steel melt domain was sliced into 1000 cells. The calculated velocity vector in each cell was assumed constant. Based on the imported velocity vectors from the CFD calculation, the mass transfer of carbon and phosphorus was calculated by taking into account the slag-metal reactions. The mass exchange between slag and metal was considered to be dominated by the metal droplet formation due to the oxygen jet. The convergence of the model calculation and the promising comparison between the model prediction and the industrial data strongly suggested that the proposed approach would be a powerful tool in dynamic process control. As a preliminary step, the model only simulated the process after the formation of slagmetal-gas emulsion. Note that the present work is intended to establish a structure of the model. More precise descriptions of other process aspects need to be included before the model can be practically employed in a dynamic controlling system.

Until now, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) was widely used in the construction industry mainly as a relatively simple (commodity) wall building material. The need and regulatory pressure for green, energy neutral buildings for residential housing and nonresidential constructions is becoming stronger every day. Consequently, we must challenge our construction designs and way of building to deal with increasing regulations, climatic and seismic conditions around world's geographical areas. This article presents new generation panel construction methods and a realized case study for a passive residential housing project designed with mid-size modular AAC panels.The role and importance of this building method, applied with light-and heavy-reinforcement panels, is also highlighted. The structural AAC panel design will be complemented and finished with autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC) blocks, drywall sheets, and AAC partition panels. This partnership of building materials with installation integration at early stage of the construction process results in excellent insulation, efficient building, and supports HVAC. K E Y W O R D Sclimatic and seismic conditions, new generation, panel design for new regulations, passive housing, passive residential housing projects, sustainable AAC building system 1. A sustainable building is a building that, in its design, construction, and operation, creates a positive impact on our climate and natural environment. Green buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our quality of life. There are many features that can make a building "green." Some of the key features, among others, include efficient use of energy, water, and other resources. 2.Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy. 3.Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of reuse and recycling. 4.Good indoor environmental air quality. 5.Use of materials that are nontoxic, ethical, and sustainable. 6.Consideration of the environment in design, construction, and operation. 7.Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction, and operation. 8.A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment. 9.A design that makes a building future proof, short term and long term.Taking into consideration the dynamics of the above features, one can conclude that green building requires a "Total Approach" that ce papers. 2018;2:513-525.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cepa 513

Comprehensive transient models (CTMs) are not readily available for complex industrial processes. In contrast, fundamentals-based process models (FbPMs) often are readily available and data-driven models (DDMs) can be readily developed. Generally, FbPMs have enough accuracy and safety margin to size equipment for steady-state operations but in contrast to CTMs, are not accurate enough to predict the unique operational responses required for applications, such as the definition of system functional failures in predictive maintenance (PdM). However, in the absence of more accurate models, FbPMs may be valid to indicate response trends or determine operational windows, with respect to safety and functionality. The case study is a Raw Material Preparation Plant, used to screen, grind and dry coal for an iron-making process. Following DDM construction through supervised machine learning from operational data, the validity of an available FbPM against operations is investigated through: (1) comparison of FbPM and DDM regression responses (2) consideration of physical phenomena and (3) comparison of sensitivity analysis results. Following validation, the definition and detection of functional failures in the plant as obtained from the FbPM will be used as the first step towards system PdM.

This informal conference, one of a regular series organised by the Iron and Steel Society of the Institute of Materials, Metals and Mining, was held in London on 22-23 November 2006. The meeting was wide ranging in scope and aimed to familiarise delegates with issues in manufacturing and online application of measurement and control technologies under the harsh environments typical of the metals industry.