These results indicate that CAM is widely used in Korean patients with chronic dermatological diseases despite their dissatisfactions. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of CAM must be considered before its clinical practice.

In mouse tooth development, the roots of the first lower molar develop after crown formation to form 2 cylindrical roots by post-natal day 5. This study compared the morphogenesis and cellular events of the mesial-root-forming (MRF) and bifurcation-forming (BF) regions, located in the mesial and center of the first lower molar, to better define the developmental mechanisms involved in multi-rooted tooth formation. We found that the mesenchyme in the MRF showed relatively higher proliferation than the bifurcation region. This suggested that spatially regulated mesenchymal proliferation is required for creating cylindrical root structure. The mechanism may involve the mesenchyme forming a physical barrier to epithelial invagination of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath. To test these ideas, we cultured roots in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors of microtubule and actin polymerization, nocodazole and cytochalasin-D. Cytochalasin D also inhibits proliferation in epithelium and mesenchyme. Both drugs resulted in altered morphological changes in the tooth root structures. In particular, the nocodazole- and cytochalasin-D-treated specimens showed a loss of root diameter and formation of a single-root, respectively. Immunolocalization and three-dimensional reconstruction results confirmed these mesenchymal cellular events, with higher proliferation in MRF in multi-rooted tooth formation.

Healthy bone is maintained by the coordinated activities of osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-dependent bone resorption. Pathologic conditions such as hormonal imbalance and inflammation cause increased osteoclastogenesis resulting in osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Bortezomib is novel antimyeloma agent that has a direct beneficial effect on bone formation. However, the role of bortezomib in osteoclastogenesis and underlying mechanisms remains to be fully comprehended. In the present study, we show that bortezomib directly inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)- and lipopolysaccharide-dependent osteoclast differentiation. Interestingly, the bortezomib-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis was transient, since the removal of bortezomib from culture completely restored osteoclast differentiation. Bortezomib impeded the induction and nuclear localization of nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 and reduced both macrophage colony-stimulating factor- and RANKL-induced extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. In a mouse model of periodontitis, bortezomib prevented alveolar bone erosion induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. These data not only suggest a previously unappreciated mechanism by which bortezomib regulates bone resorption but also propose novel applications of bortezomib beyond its use as an antimyeloma agent.

Total intensity variability light curves offer a unique insight into the ongoing debate about the launching mechanism of jets. For this work, we utilise the availability of radio and γ-ray light curves over a few decades of the radio source 3C 84 (NGC 1275). We calculate the multiband time lags between the flares identified in the light curves via discrete cross-correlation and Gaussian process regression. We find that the jet particle and magnetic field energy densities are in equipartition (k r = 1.08 ± 0.18). The jet apex is located z 91.5 GHz = 22 − 645 R s (2 − 20 × 10 −3 pc) upstream of the 3 mm radio core; at that position, the magnetic field amplitude is B 91.5 GHz core = 3 − 10 G. Our results are in good agreement with earlier studies, which utilised very-long-baseline interferometry. Furthermore, we investigate the temporal relation between the ejection of radio and γ-ray flares. Our results are in favour of the γ-ray emission being associated with the radio emission. We are able to tentatively connect the ejection of features identified at 43 and 86 GHz to prominent γ-ray flares. Finally, we compute the multiplicity parameter λ and the Michel magnetisation σ M and find that they are consistent with a jet launched by the Blandford & Znajek (1977) mechanism.