Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic,destructive autoimmune disease affecting the joints. With more sophisticated and effective therapies becoming available and with the understanding that early intervention is crucial in preventing irreversible joint damage,it is more and more important to diagnose RA at a very early stage in the disease. To facilitate diagnosis during the early stages of the disease,when often not all clinical symptoms are manifest,a good serological marker is needed. The main purpose of this observational study was to evaluate and detects a good serological marker and genetic factors may be used in early detection of RA. This study covers quite different regions of Najaf province,including rural and urban communities. During the period from May 2010 to May2011,a total of 40 patients with RA who were fulfilled four or more of the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR),20 patients with joints problems (JP),20 RA patient relatives (PR) and 10 apparently healthy control individuals were included in this study. Cytokines (interleukin-1,IL-6,IL-10 and TNF ɑ),antibodies directed to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP3),and anti-human immunoglobulin binding protein (anti-BiP) antibodies in the human serum samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thirty-two RA patients (80.0%) were positive for anti-CCP3,whereas only 20.0%,30.0% and 0.0% showed a positive reaction,in particular sera from PR,JP and healthy control,respectively with highly significant difference was observed. The mean serum anti-CCP3 antibody level was higher in RA patients than in other groups. The anti-BiP antibody levels were significantly increased in RA patients than in PR and healthy control. However,the levels of anti-BiP antibody were slightly increased in the JP and no significant difference was detected between RA patients and JP. Analysis of the serum samples showed that concentrations of the Proinflammatory cytokines,IL-1,IL-6 and TNFɑ were significantly increased in RA patients compared with matched control subjects. While,The level of IL-10 was significantly lower for RA patients than for healthy Control cases.

Background: The genetic susceptibility to IDDM maps to the MHC class II region, thus one approach to investigating the immunopathogenesis of diabetes is to study first degree relatives of affected individuals. Objectives: To detect the inherited relationship between (HLA-DRB1) allels and type one Diabetic mellitus. Methodology: A case-control study was performed on 90 persons, they divided into three group which are diabetic, siblings and control (30 persons in each group), who attended to Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital /Diabetic Center in Al Kut/Iraq between the period of April; 2012 till April; 2013.data was analyzed by using SPSS 16th version. Distribution of HLA-DRB1 loci among the study groups (type 1 Diabetic patients, Siblings and Control group) were performed using MR.SPOT ROBOTING system. Results: results showed that the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {25 (69.4%)} among Diabetic group were Significant (P value = 0.002), in compare to the corresponding frequencies among control group {11 (30.6%)}, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci in both Diabetic group and Control group { 15 (34.1%), 29 (65.9%)} respectively. Meanwhile results have showed that there were no Significant (P value = 0.116), in the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {25 (58.1%)} among Diabetic group in compare to the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {18 (41.9%)} among Siblings group, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci among Diabetic group and Sibling group {15 (40.5%), 22 (59.5%)} respectively, also results have showed that there were no Significant (P value = 0.104), in the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {18 (62.1%)} among Sibling group in compare to the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {11 (37.9%)} among Control group, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci among Sibling group and Control group {22 (43.1%), 29 (56.9%)} respectively. conclusion: In conclusion there were a genetic predisposition of diabetic Siblings for development of Diabetes since, both Diabetic group and Sibling group showing the highest frequencies of HLA-DRB1 *3,*4, in compare to Control group. Recommendation: larger sample group are required to include other allels

Background: the genetic factor of type 1 diabetes mellitus may play a key role in pathogenesis of that disorder, thus, diabetic siblings might prone into an impaired OGTT. Objective: To determine whether diabetic Siblings might have an impaired glucose tolerance test in compare to normal control group. Methodology: A case-control study was performed on 120 persons, they divided into three group which are diabetic, siblings and control (40 persons in each group), who attended to Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital /Diabetic Center in Al-Kut between the period of April; 2012 till April; 2013. Results: OGTT performed on both diabetic siblings and control, results have showed that the Means of OGTT is highly Significant (P value = 0.000) in both Siblings and Control groups, whereas there were no Significant differences in the Means of differences of OGTT in both tested groups (Siblings and Control), P value = 0.288, although the Mean of differences of OGTT is higher in Siblings group (25.3250) than that in Control group (22.0750). Conclusion: the inheritance factor play a key role in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus since, diabetic siblings showed an impaired OGTT. Recommendation: for early detection of diabetes, diabetic siblings must submit to a routine screening test by OGGT.