Background: The genetic susceptibility to IDDM maps to the MHC class II region, thus one approach to investigating the immunopathogenesis of diabetes is to study first degree relatives of affected individuals. Objectives: To detect the inherited relationship between (HLA-DRB1) allels and type one Diabetic mellitus. Methodology: A case-control study was performed on 90 persons, they divided into three group which are diabetic, siblings and control (30 persons in each group), who attended to Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital /Diabetic Center in Al Kut/Iraq between the period of April; 2012 till April; 2013.data was analyzed by using SPSS 16th version. Distribution of HLA-DRB1 loci among the study groups (type 1 Diabetic patients, Siblings and Control group) were performed using MR.SPOT ROBOTING system. Results: results showed that the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {25 (69.4%)} among Diabetic group were Significant (P value = 0.002), in compare to the corresponding frequencies among control group {11 (30.6%)}, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci in both Diabetic group and Control group { 15 (34.1%), 29 (65.9%)} respectively. Meanwhile results have showed that there were no Significant (P value = 0.116), in the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {25 (58.1%)} among Diabetic group in compare to the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {18 (41.9%)} among Siblings group, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci among Diabetic group and Sibling group {15 (40.5%), 22 (59.5%)} respectively, also results have showed that there were no Significant (P value = 0.104), in the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {18 (62.1%)} among Sibling group in compare to the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {11 (37.9%)} among Control group, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci among Sibling group and Control group {22 (43.1%), 29 (56.9%)} respectively. conclusion: In conclusion there were a genetic predisposition of diabetic Siblings for development of Diabetes since, both Diabetic group and Sibling group showing the highest frequencies of HLA-DRB1 *3,*4, in compare to Control group. Recommendation: larger sample group are required to include other allels

Background: the genetic factor of type 1 diabetes mellitus may play a key role in pathogenesis of that disorder, thus, diabetic siblings might prone into an impaired OGTT. Objective: To determine whether diabetic Siblings might have an impaired glucose tolerance test in compare to normal control group. Methodology: A case-control study was performed on 120 persons, they divided into three group which are diabetic, siblings and control (40 persons in each group), who attended to Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital /Diabetic Center in Al-Kut between the period of April; 2012 till April; 2013. Results: OGTT performed on both diabetic siblings and control, results have showed that the Means of OGTT is highly Significant (P value = 0.000) in both Siblings and Control groups, whereas there were no Significant differences in the Means of differences of OGTT in both tested groups (Siblings and Control), P value = 0.288, although the Mean of differences of OGTT is higher in Siblings group (25.3250) than that in Control group (22.0750). Conclusion: the inheritance factor play a key role in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus since, diabetic siblings showed an impaired OGTT. Recommendation: for early detection of diabetes, diabetic siblings must submit to a routine screening test by OGGT.

Objectives: This study was planned to evaluate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in cases of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Najaf city.Methodology: A total of 100 skin swabs were obtained from the effected skin areas of patients who were attending to AL-Sader Teaching Hospital in AL-Najaf city during the period from May to October 2014.with (AD), along with 50 skin swabs that were obtained from a comparable skin area of 50 persons who were regarded as a control group and comparable in ages and genders with the patient group. All the skin swabs (patients and control) were then immediately streaked on the surface of selective media for isolation and identification of S. aureus preliminary. Then the suspected isolates were confirmed by specific biochemical and enzymatic confirmative tests. The incidence of Staphylococcal isolates was detected according to the age, gender, duration, severity and also according to the family history.Results: From the 100 swab samples of patients, there were 54/100 (54%) showed positive isolation of S. aureus, while only 10/50 (20%) swab samples of the control group showed positive S. aureus isolation. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (PË‚ 0.05). The prevalence of moderate AD cases was higher than that of mild and severe (55.56%> 20.37%Ë‚ 24.07%) respectively. Thirty seven patients (68.52%) were categorized with family history inheritance of AD (Results were statistically significant (PË‚ 0.05), with male to female ratio was 1.25:1. Seventeen patients (31.5%) were categorized as acute AD, while 37 patients (68.5%) were diagnosed as chronic.Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus infection is positively correlated with AD cases, and genetic factors may play an important role in increasing the frequency of AD cases.Recommendations: We recommended to use genetic studies for the monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors correlated with AD.

Objectives: The present study was planned to detect the frequency of genes that is responsible for enterotoxin excretion in S. aureus isolated from dermal lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) cases in AL-Najaf city, and to evaluate the single and combined existence of enterotoxins coding genes.Methodology: A total of 54 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were applied to polymerase chain reaction specific for the amplification of various genes coding for Staphylococcal enterotoxins including 3 types (sea, seb and sec) with two sets each.Results: As a result of DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction directed to amplify the specific enterotoxin coding genes; The seb-6 gene was the most frequent gene , since it was detected in average of 8:36(22.22%), followed by the two sets of sec (sec-11 and sec-15) genes that comprised an equal average of 7:36(19.44%) each. Sea-2 gene set was detected in 6:36 (16.7%), while the lowest detection was seen for sea-1 and seb-7 since they were detected in 4:36(11.1%) each. Our results showed that single frequency was comprised 23:36 (63.9%), while the combined frequency was detected in 13:36(36.1%). The most frequent enterotoxin coding genes as a combined were sec-15 (19.44%), sea-2 (8.3%). Most single existence of replicated gene was detected for seb-6and sec-11 (19.44%) and (16.7%) respectively. Our results showed that absolutely single frequency was related to sea-1 gene (11.11%), while the absolutely combined frequency was seen in sec-15 (19.44%).Conclusions: Polymerase chain reaction using newly designed primers is successful for identifying Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (A, B and C), seb-6 gene which was the most frequent.