. 2000. Comparison of nitrogen application via a trickle irrigation system with surface banding of granular fertilizer on red raspberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 80: 363-371. A field trial compared applications of ammonium nitrate N as soil-surface bands of granular fertilizer with applications as a solution through a trickle irrigation system (i.e., fertigation) on yield, plant growth and end-of-season extractable soil inorganic nitrogen of red raspberries (Rubus idaeous L.). The granular application was made once in early spring, and the fertigation was scheduled as eight weekly applications from early to late spring in each of 4 successive years. Three rates of N (33, 67 and 134 kg N ha -1 ) were applied by both methods and a zero N control was also included. The N treatments had relatively small effects on berry yields, being significant in the last 2 years (1988 and 1989) only. Applications of granular N resulted in equal or greater yields than the control, whereas the fertigation method resulted in equal or lower yields than the control. Granular applications tended to enhance cane growth and N concentrations in the fruiting cluster, laterals and leaves of fruiting canes. Leaching of N during the growing season was greater with the fertigation than with the granular method of application. The poorer performance of fertigation relative to granular application of N was due to the timing of application in relation to crop requirement. Raspberries require a majority of their N early in the growing season. The utility of applying fertilizer N via irrigation systems on crops such as raspberry in climatic regions where water deficits do not usually occur early in the growing season, as in coastal British Columbia, is limited. L'épandage en granulés était fait en une seule fois au début du printemps et la fertirrigation était répartie en 8 distributions hebdomadaires échelonnées du début à la fin du printemps dans chacune de quatre années successives. Trois doses de N: 33, 67 et 134 kg N ha -1 étaient utilisées dans chaque méthode, avec un traitement témoin sans N. La fumure N n'avait que relativement peu d'effet sur le rendement fruitier, les effets n'atteignant le niveau de significativité statistique que dans les deux dernières années, 1988 et 1989. L'épandage en granulés donnait lieu à des rendements égaux ou supérieurs à ceux obtenus sans fumure N, alors qu'en fertirrigation les rendements obtenus ne dépassaient pas ceux du traitement témoin. L'épandage sous forme de granulés paraissait stimuler la croissance des tiges fructifères et la concentration de N dans les grappes de fruits, dans les ramifications latérales et dans les feuilles. Le lessivage de N durant la saison de végétation était plus important en régime de fertirrigation qu'avec l'épandage en granulés. Les moins bonnes performances de la fertirrigation s'expliquent par le manque de concordance chronologique entre les apports de N et les besoins de la culture. Le gros des besoins en N du framboisier survient, en effet, ou début de la saison, si bien qu'...

A survey of an empty granary was undertaken to assess the size and composition of itsinsect fauna, and the possible importance of such insects as a source of infestation of stored goods. The most important feature of the building in this connection was the presence of boarded-up cavities in the walls.Samples were taken at random from behind all walls, from parts of the grain-distributor system, and from certain other areas.Many grain pests were found associated with the residues. In the wall cavities large populations had been built up, reaching in one case over 2,000 insects in the food material behind a foot length of wall (the average concentration over all cavities examined was 266 insects per foot of wall).The largest populations were behind the north and south walls and, in general, the numbers of insects increased on descending the warehouse. The difference in size of population of the different walls and stories depended largely upon the volume and quality of the débris present in the cavities. The increase in numbers was due to increase in number of species and to increase in individuals of some species.

Primary and secondary pests which have been found in barley stores and in maltings are listed, and the life histories of the more important pests (grain weevil, saw‐toothed grain beetle, khapra beetle, and rust‐red flour beetle) and the types of damage caused are described; an account is given of the modes of spread of infestation and of conditions which favour insect development. Preventive measures include regular inspection of grain and containers, hygiene and attention to details of bin structure and storage practice. Control methods may be mechanical (screening), physical (heating), or chemical, the last involving the use of insecticides (e.g., DDT, γ‐BHC, pyrethrum) or fumigants (e.g., hydrocyanic acid, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride); precautions to be observed in the use of these materials are detailed.

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