Pest Infestation Control in Breweries and Maltings

Freeman, Jack A.

doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1951.tb01631.x

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Any damp areas will tend to accentuate this process of group formation. Freeman (1951Freeman ( , 1961 has suggested that Oryzaephilus can multiply rapidly and cause grain heating, while Howe (1956Howe ( , 1962 considers that it will only do so if the initial temperature is above 20°C. and the grain is either damp (of more than 16 per cent, moisture content) or dusty.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. II.—The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae)

Surtees

1963

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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Dispersion behaviour in adults of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The effect of density, temperature and moisture content on surface dispersion was studied using groups of insects in jars of 500 g. grain and vertical dispersion by using groups of insects in thin vertical plates of wheat held between two sheets of glass. The ethological basis of group behaviour was investigated by using isolated individuals.Over the range of conditions used, 1–10 per cent, of the individuals comprising the groups studied appeared on the surface of the grain. In grain at 14 per cent, moisture content, at 25°C., 3·4 per cent, of the group appeared on the surface. A greater proportion was found on the surface of grain at 9 per cent, moisture content than at higher moisture contents at all temperatures tested (15–35°C.). At all moisture contents, surface numbers were relatively high at 15°C.In grain at 14 per cent, moisture content and 25°C., individuals moved vertically and laterally at random but were more active in the evening than in the morning. In grain at 9 per cent, moisture, there was marked irritability, and at 15°C. and 14 per cent, moisture, there was continual but slow movement without any detectable diurnal pattern of activity. Activity was reduced at 30°C., and at 25°C. it was reduced in grain of 17 per cent, moisture content.The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the detection of populations, group formation and the initiation of foci of heating in patches of damp grain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. II.—The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae)

Surtees

1963

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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“…Several published reviews, books, and manuals are available either on spraying equipment and application machinery or on insecticide chemical formulations and their active ingredients [ 27 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. However, a comprehensive overview of insecticide formulations based on their physical state during application is missing.…”

Section: Formulations Are Adapted According To Specific Routes Of Insect Body Entry Arthropod Diversity and Various Environmental Conditimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anoxic or hypoxic atmospheres are formed by gas molecules already present in atmospheric air. Freeman [ 32 ] defined fumigants as pesticide gases that can either pass through the cuticle of the insect or enter through the insect’s breathing system. Thoms and Busacca [ 45 ] defined fumigants as pesticides that are in a gaseous state upon contact with the target pest.…”

Section: Gas and Vapor Insecticide Application Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthetic and inert insecticide gases and vapors . Synthetic fumigants and inert gases include very diverse chemical compounds, such as carbon disulfide (e.g., bisulfide) (CS 2 ), carbonyl sulfide (COS), chloropicrin, ethane dinitrile (EDN), methyl bromide (MB/MeBr/CH 3 Br), aluminum phosphide (AlP), magnesium phosphide (Mg 3 P 2 ), phosphine (PH 3 ), sulfuryl fluoride (SO 2 F 2 ), carbonyl sulfide (CS 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), carbon tetrachloride (CTC), acrylonitrile (ACN), ethylene dichloride (EDC), ethylene dibromide (EDB), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (N 2 ), ethyl formate (EF), ethylene oxide (ETOX), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), methyl iodide (MI), methyl isothiocyanate, methyl formate, methyl benzoate (MBe), ozone (O 3 ), propylene oxide (PO), nitric oxide (NO), and acetaldehyde [ 17 , 32 , 40 , 46 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. The general toxicity of most of the above-listed fumigants to a wide range of organisms indicates their adverse effects on fundamental life processes at various physiological levels, including cellular processes [ 45 ].…”

Section: Gas and Vapor Insecticide Application Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthetic and Natural Insecticides: Gas, Liquid, Gel and Solid Formulations for Stored-Product and Food-Industry Pest Control

Stejskal

Vendl

Aulický

et al. 2021

Insects

113

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The selective application of insecticides is one of the cornerstones of integrated pest management (IPM) and management strategies for pest resistance to insecticides. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional and new methods for the application of gas, liquid, gel, and solid physical insecticide formulations to control stored-product and food industry urban pests from the taxa Acarina, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Psocoptera, and Zygentoma. Various definitions and concepts historically and currently used for various pesticide application formulations and methods are also described. This review demonstrates that new technological advances have sparked renewed research interest in the optimization of conventional methods such as insecticide aerosols, sprays, fumigants, and inert gases. Insect growth regulators/disruptors (IGRs/IGDs) are increasingly employed in baits, aerosols, residual treatments, and as spray-residual protectants for long-term stored-grain protection. Insecticide-impregnated hypoxic multilayer bags have been proven to be one of the most promising low-cost and safe methods for hermetic grain storage in developing countries. Insecticide-impregnated netting and food baits were originally developed for the control of urban/medical pests and have been recognized as an innovative technology for the protection of stored commodities. New biodegradable acaricide gel coatings and nets have been suggested for the protection of ham meat. Tablets and satchels represent a new approach for the application of botanicals. Many emerging technologies can be found in the form of impregnated protective packaging (insect growth regulators/disruptors (IGRs/IGDs), natural repellents), pheromone-based attracticides, electrostatic dust or sprays, nanoparticles, edible artificial sweeteners, hydrogels, inert baits with synthetic attractants, biodegradable encapsulations of active ingredients, and cyanogenic protective grain coatings. Smart pest control technologies based on RNA-based gene silencing compounds incorporated into food baits stand at the forefront of current strategic research. Inert gases and dust (diatomaceous earth) are positive examples of alternatives to synthetic pesticide products, for which methods of application and their integration with other methods have been proposed and implemented in practice. Although many promising laboratory studies have been conducted on the biological activity of natural botanical insecticides, published studies demonstrating their effective industrial field usage in grain stores and food production facilities are scarce. This review shows that the current problems associated with the application of some natural botanical insecticides (e.g., sorption, stability, field efficacy, and smell) to some extent echo problems that were frequently encountered and addressed almost 100 years ago during the transition from ancient to modern classical chemical pest control methods.

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“…As a rule the larvae attack the embryo point, but in cases of heavy infestation other parts of the grain may also be attacked. Freeman (1951) reports that the larvae are resistant to DDT and only slightly affected by gamma-BHC and are best controlled with pyrethrum sprays and dusts. The adults are susceptible to DDT and gamma-BHC so that measures designed to kill the adults before they oviposit should eradicate a population.…”

Section: August 1955jmentioning

confidence: 99%