Measures of needs considered to be related to teaching, of the individual's concept of the extent to which teaching facilitated or hindered the satisfaction of these needs, and of attitudes toward career teaching were used with 218 college freshmen. The theory that "the degree of acceptance (or rejection) of a career is dependent on the individual's perceptions that the career facilitates (or hinders) the satisfaction of his important needs" was tested by these measures. The results are viewed as consistent with the rationale. It is concluded also "that a change of attitude toward a career field can be altered by manipulating cognitive structure."

EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MZASURZMZNT 1973, 33, 351-360. IN recent years, criterion-referenced testing has gained considerable attention as an alternative to norm-referenced testing. This is particularly true in &dquo;mastery&dquo; testing where one is interested in gathering information to allow decisions regarding achievement of a defined level of competence, or more generally in the evaluation of instruction.Popham and Husek (1969) have suggested that there are two general kinds of criterion-referenced tests. The first, by far the more common, is composed of items sampled from a population of items which constitute a criterion but for which scores do not convey totally unambiguous information; a score does not tell which items were answered correctly and which were not. The second, which might be considered the ideal, is seldom found. In this case the items are also sampled from the criterion item population but everyone who gets the same score on the test has obtained it in essentially the same manner. Thus, an individual's score implies exactly which items he completed correctly.In dealing with diagnostic tests, it is important to understand the relationships among test items within diagnostic categories and how these relationships compare with an ideal in 1 The authors would like to thank Wells Hively and Harry Patterson for helpful comments about an earlier version of this paper and for providing the data which is discussed in this paper.

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