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The cost for repair or replacement of subsea pipelines is much higher than for onshore pipelines. To a large extent, the repair or replacement decision hinges on the outcome of fitness-for-service analyses that are in turn based on the results of in-line inspections. It is therefore of utmost importance to obtain in-line inspection data that are as accurate as possible. It has been reported in the literature that MFL tools may significantly exaggerate the localized wall loss for wet gas lines subject to top of the line corrosion. This paper reports the results of a study on a Chevron asset that was initiated to compare the performance of various inspection methods. Upon completion of the in-line inspections, a section of the pipeline was recovered off the ocean floor and subsequently replaced. The defect population of the recovered pipeline section together with the high-definition automated ultrasonic testing (AUT) results built the reference of the performance test of several inline inspection techniques like magnetic flux leakage (MFL), ultrasonic (UT) and a recently developed technology for accurate measurement of shallow internal corrosion (SIC) that is based on eddy current (EC) technology. The improvements in defect sizing that resulted from this investigation are reported.

Purpose of reviewRapid and effective airway management is priority for trauma patients. Trauma patients are often at an increased risk of experiencing hypoxia, and thus at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Apneic oxygenation has been widely debated but has been reported to provide benefit in terms of increased periintubation oxygen saturation and decreased rates of desaturation. This review aims to evaluate the current literature on the efficacy of apneic oxygenation in the setting of rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in trauma patients. Recent findingsTwo prospective studies published this year, demonstrated that apneic oxygenation was effective in reducing hypoxic events and hypoxic duration during RSI.