Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is an immune-mediated systemic vasculitis generally found in children. The standard manifestations of HSP are palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, and renal complications. Although less common, there are significant urological manifestations associated with HSP. The primary objective of this review is to encourage better understanding and management of HSP by emphasizing the common and rare manifestations of HSP, how they are diagnosed, and the latest treatment options for mild to severe complications. Medline searches of HSP and its urological manifestations were conducted along with searches on current diagnostic and treatment methods. Urological manifestations of HSP involve the kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, scrotum, testicle, and penis. Diagnosis and management of HSP are not always clear due to differential diagnosis and diversity of symptom presentation. Treatment for HSP is mainly supportive and includes use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief. In more severe cases, glucocorticoids, methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, and peritoneal and hemodialysis are reported successful. It is important to note different symptoms of HSP in order to distinguish HSP from other diseases. Early diagnosis may prevent severe complications. Treatment options vary from conservative to invasive depending on the severity of the disease and time frame of diagnosis.

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Background: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus is a disease, which results from excess cerebral spinal fluid, it is often misdiagnosed for other degenerative diseases. Symptoms of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus may be reversed with new treatment techniques such as shunting. Aims: The aim of this article is to review the pathophysiology of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, discuss how to distinguish it from other diseases and discuss treatment options, which show potential for treating Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Methods: PubMed was used to conduct searches regarding the subject matter of this article. Results: Gait, dementia and urinary incontinence, which are also referred to as Adam's Triad, are typical associated with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. The pathophysiology of these conditions has been outlined in this article. Review articles have been outlined which discuss the potential certain shunt operations have to treat Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Discussion: There are several known treatment options that have been successful when treating Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. With the use of shunts to drain excess cerebral spinal fluid, it is possible to improve the patient's symptoms and thus improve their quality of life. Conclusion: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus should be considered when treating elderly patients that show signs of Adam's Triad. There are numerous types of treatment options available that show promise as to relieving some of the symptoms that are associated with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical diagnosis defined by the presence of urinary urgency with or without urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) and is often associated with frequency and nocturia. First-line treatment for OAB is behavioral and dietary modifications because they have minimal side effects and high potential benefits. There is evidence that diet can have a significant effect on the symptoms of OAB. This has led to increasing interest in characterizing the effect of specific dietary changes on OAB prevalence and severity. The aim of this paper is to review the specific nutritional factors that have been found to be associated with OAB and describe the relationship between OAB and diet-related medical conditions such as obesity and insulin resistance.

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