We directly measured a spin diffusion length (lambdas) of 13.3 nm in amorphous organic semiconductor (OS) rubrene (C42H28) by spin polarized tunneling. In comparison, no spin-conserved transport has been reported in amorphous Si or Ge. Absence of dangling bond defects can explain the spin transport behavior in amorphous OS. Furthermore, when rubrene barriers were grown on a seed layer, the elastic tunneling characteristics were greatly enhanced. Based on our findings, lambdas in single-crystalline rubrene can be expected to reach even millimeters, showing the potential for organic spintronics development.

Laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, is one of the most important animal tools in biomedical research. Functional characterization of the mouse genes, hence, has been a long-standing goal in mammalian and human genetics. Although large-scale knockout phenotyping is under progress by international collaborative efforts, a large portion of mouse genome is still poorly characterized for cellular functions and associations with disease phenotypes. A genome-scale functional network of mouse genes, MouseNet, was previously developed in context of MouseFunc competition, which allowed only limited input data for network inferences. Here, we present an improved mouse co-functional network, MouseNet v2 (available at http://www.inetbio.org/mousenet), which covers 17 714 genes (>88% of coding genome) with 788 080 links, along with a companion web server for network-assisted functional hypothesis generation. The network database has been substantially improved by large expansion of genomics data. For example, MouseNet v2 database contains 183 co-expression networks inferred from 8154 public microarray samples. We demonstrated that MouseNet v2 is predictive for mammalian phenotypes as well as human diseases, which suggests its usefulness in discovery of novel disease genes and dissection of disease pathways. Furthermore, MouseNet v2 database provides functional networks for eight other vertebrate models used in various research fields.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials of complex type of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) as an intrinsically conducting polymer and silver‐palladium (AgPd) metal compound coated on woven or non‐woven fabrics are synthesized. From dc conductivity and SEM photographs of PPy/fabric complexes, we discuss charge transport mechanism and the homogeneity of coating on the fabrics. The EMI shielding efficiency of PPy/fabric and AgPd/fabric complexes is in the range of 8 ∼ 80 dB depending on the conductivity and the additional Ag vacuum evaporation. The highest EMI shielding efficiency of PPy/fabric complexes vacuum‐evaporated by Ag is ∼80 dB, indicating potential materials for military uses. We propose that PPy/fabrics are excellent RF and microwave absorber because of the relatively high absorbance and low reflectance of the materials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Studies have shown that interfaces play a crucial role for efficient spin injection and transport. Here, we address the complex role of interface in spin and charge injection into organic materials by various interfacesensitive characterization tools. Inelastic tunneling spectroscopy and polarized neutron reflectometry were mainly adopted to explore the interfaces of high mobility organic semiconductor rubrene sandwiched by two ferromagnetic electrodes. The dramatic difference in the reported magnetotransport properties and charge injection characteristics in trilayer magnetic junctions has been attributed to the different growth morphology of rubrene molecules at the interface dictated by the presence or absence of a 0.6 nm alumina seed layer. The magnetic contribution of the top ferromagnetic electrode is also influenced by the morphology of the rubrene layer underneath, directly affecting the spin injection efficiency. This work highlights the importance of interface engineering in the development of organic-based spintronics devices. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.195212 PACS number͑s͒: 72.25.Dc, 72.25.Mk, 72.80.Le, 75.47.Ϫm Spin transport in -conjugated organic semiconductors ͑OSs͒ is necessarily a vast and complex area that is just beginning to be explored.1 Recent demonstrations of spin transport in organic materials [2][3][4][5][6] have been promising, giving impetus to explore the potential of OSs in spintronics applications. Although their study can be extremely challenging, it is expected to be rich in knowledge. For instance, unlike inorganic semiconductors, OSs have shown significantly complex charge injection and transport mechanisms. To date, several theories have dealt with the transport phenomena: modeling the strong electron-phonon coupling ͑polarons͒ and the structural disorder of the molecules to account for the observed transport characteristics in different organic systems.7-9 Growth-related structural changes in OS films have also been known to influence the transport properties 10 and, consequently, the spin injection and transport, as observed in this work. Due to the complexity associated with organic systems, appropriate characterization methods need to be implemented to understand the spin transport.In our recent work, we demonstrated a large tunneling magnetoresistance ͑TMR͒ of 6% at room temperature, showing a spin-diffusion length of 13 nm in thin amorphous rubrene films ͑C 42 H 28 ͒.11 The study was performed in the tunnel junction structure for hybrid ͑rubrene film grown on alumina as tunnel barrier͒ and rubrene ͑rubrene film grown without alumina seed layer͒ barriers. In this work, we address the role of interfaces, their influence on the growth morphology of the OS, and hence on the transport properties by performing interface-sensitive characterization by inelastic tunneling spectroscopy ͑IETS͒ and polarized neutron reflectometry ͑PNR͒ measurements. Charge and spin transport measurements were extended to thick rubrene barriers ͑Ͼ20 nm͒ to obtain information on the evolution of t...

PurposeThe generally preferred vascular access for neurointerventional procedures is the transfemoral approach (TFA). In complicated cases such as patients with aortic diseases or tortuous vessels, transradial or transbrachial approaches (TRA or TBA) could be good alternatives. The purpose of this study is to review a single medical center experience using the alternative accesses.Materials and MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 30 TRA and 10 TBA cases among 2,073 cases treated between January 2010 and July 2013. We reviewed and analyzed the frequency of TRA and TBA, the reason the operator had chosen the TRA or TBA, the category of the procedure, caliber of the sheath, the success rate, and the complications rates.ResultsThe most common reason the non-TFA route was chosen was due to the patient's tortuous vascular system (n=24, 60%). The most common category of intervention was balloon angioplasty and/or stent placement (n=18, 45%). The largest caliber of the introducing sheath was 6 Fr in TRA and 7 Fr in TBA. Procedural success was achieved in 37 cases (success rate: 92.5%), and in three cases it failed. Six patients with complications were reported. Among them, four cases of minor complications (10%) occurred. There was no serious complication directly related to the access problem.ConclusionBoth TRA and TBA can be good alternative access routes when TFA is not appropriate in various neurointervential procedures.