The transfer of ancestral plastid genomes into mitochondrial genomes to generate mitochondrial plastid DNA (MTPT) is known to occur in plants, but its impacts on mitochondrial genome complexity and the potential for causing a false-positive DNA barcoding paradox have been underestimated. Here, we assembled the organelle genomes of Cynanchum wilfordii and C. auriculatum, which are indigenous medicinal herbs in Korea and China, respectively. In both species, it is estimated that 35% of the ancestral plastid genomes were transferred to mitochondrial genomes over the past 10 million years and remain conserved in these genomes. Some plastid barcoding markers co-amplified the conserved MTPTs and caused a barcoding paradox, resulting in mis-authentication of botanical ingredients and/or taxonomic mis-positioning. We identified dynamic and lineage-specific MTPTs that have contributed to mitochondrial genome complexity and might cause a putative barcoding paradox across 81 plant species. We suggest that a DNA barcoding guidelines should be developed involving the use of multiple markers to help regulate economically motivated adulteration.

2019)Two complete chloroplast genome sequences and intra-species diversity for Rehmanniaglutinosa ABSTRACT Rehmannia glutinosa is a plant used as traditional medicine for its various tonic effects in Korea and China. In this study, chloroplast genomes of two R. glutinosa were completed by de novo assembly using whole-genome Illumina sequence data. The length of chloroplast genomes of R. glutinosa collected from China and Korea was 153,680 bp and 153,499 bp, respectively. A total of 114 coding regions were predicted in both R. glutinosa including 80 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. We identified abundant intra-species diversity of 87 InDels and 147 SNPs, among three R. glutinosa chloroplast genome sequences including one from GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis showed that these R. glutinosa were closely clustered with related Rehmannia species, separated from other Orobanchaceae and Scrophulariaceae species. ARTICLE HISTORY

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A capacitor-type engine oil sensor is designed and fabricated to measure the property of the diesel engine oil depending on the vehicle mileage. This sensor has flat structure with the interdigitated (IDT) electrodes for the smooth oil flow and is constructed using printed circuit board (PCB) for the fabrication convenience. For the increased capacitance, the smaller spacing between the electrodes is preferred and determined with 0.5 mm based on the fabrication limit. The device is applied to actual trucks with diesel engine. From the experiment, the capacitance of vehicle A is initially constant and then increased upto approximately 6,000 km. And then, the output is dramatically decreased, which indicates that the engine oil has been degraded and should be replaced. The interval at which the reduction in capacitance occurs varies depending on each vehicle, which means the exchange interval of engine oil is different from each other. The degree of deterioration of the oil is also measured with the viscosity tests and total acid number (TAN) tests, and the results are compatible with the measurement of capacitance. From these results, it has been confirmed that the fabricated IDT capacitor sensor can measure the engine oil conditions depending on the mileage.