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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of visibility and types of ground surface (stable and unstable) during the performance of squats on the muscle activities of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL). [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 25 healthy adults in their 20s. They performed squats under four conditions: stable ground surface (SGS) with vision-allowed; unstable ground surface (UGS) with vision-allowed; SGS with vision-blocked; and UGS with vision-blocked. The different conditions were performed on different days. Surface electromyogram (EMG) values were recorded. [Results] The most significant difference in the activity of the VMO and VL was observed when the subjects performed squats on the UGS, with their vision blocked. [Conclusion] For the selective activation of the VMO, performing squats on an UGS was effective, and it was more effective when subjects’ vision was blocked.

Software defined networking (SDN) has created new opportunities for both the research community and the networking industry, but SDN also has created new challenges. One of the most fundamental SDN security issues we have observed is the absence of data plane authentication. We present a definition of this problem and a controller and switch design called Mynah that makes a first step towards addressing this problem. We then present a prototype experiment results and show that Mynah solves the issue very effectively with a trivial overhead around 4.5 percent of overall communication latency.

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In MPLS domains, the speed-up by eliminatingthe IP header lookup and the support of QoS are basic roles of LSRs. Core LSRs inside MPLS network forward packets at the network-specific link layer. However, edge LSRs on MPLS network boundary would forward packets at the link layer and at the network layer. The support of both high-speed forwarding and the guarantee of QoS at the edge LSRs are very important. This paper proposes the packet forwarding architecture of the ATM-LER, which is an MPLS edge LSR on the public ATM network boundary, to support the high-speed forwarding. The forwarding control procedures and the related works of the ATM-LER are also discussed. 43 1 0-7695-0777-8/00 $10.00 0 2000 IEEE