This study suggests the spatial scope of the regional hazard mitigation plan, reflecting the feature of natural hazards occurring beyond the administrative zone boundary. The damage caused by natural hazards is not randomly distributed across a space but has interdependent characteristics with the nearby area; therefore, the spatial influence of an adjacent area should be considered. In particular, as damage due to natural disasters is increasing in Korea, it is necessary to establish a regional hazard mitigation plan considering the spatial characteristics of hazards. However, the current hazard mitigation plan sets the scope of the plan based on administrative boundaries. In this study, we measured the vulnerability index of each area using data spanning 10 years from 2008 to 2017 and verified spatial correlations through LISA (Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation). According to LISA analysis, we found that a link exists between si/gun/gu and we identified the spatial characteristics of natural disaster damage. The results confirmed that natural hazard characteristics occur beyond the boundaries of administrative areas.

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Within each of these groups, metrics are further grouped into patch, class, and landscape metrics. 9.3 Distribution StatisticsPatch metrics can be summarized at the class and landscape levels using a variety of distribution statistics that provide first-and second-order statistical summaries of the patch metrics for the focal class or the entire landscape, such as: (1) mean, (2) area-weighted mean, (3) median, (4) range, (5) standard deviation, and (6) coefficient of variation. The difference between the mean and the area-weighted mean in this context is especially important as discussed below.Metrics applied to categorical patch mosaics (under the "landscape mosaic model" of landscape structure) fundamentally represent the structure of the landscape as defined by its patch structure. Clearly, patches are the basic building blocks of categorical patch mosaics and, as such, most metrics derive from the spatial character and distribution of the patches themselves. However, most patch-based metrics can be summarized at the class and landscape levels to reflect the character and distribution of individual patches over a broad extent. Indeed, in most applications, the objective involves characterizing the patch structure for a single focal class or for the entire patch mosaic across the full extent of the landscape, rather than focusing on individual patches. Despite the common objective of characterizing the class or landscape structure, metrics differ in whether they offer a "patch-based" or "landscape-based" perspective of landscape structure. This is perhaps best illustrated by the difference between class and/or landscape distribution metrics based on the simple arithmetic mean or the area-weighted mean. 9.4 Mean versus area-weighted meanMetrics based on the mean patch characteristic, such as mean patch size (AREA_MN) or mean patch shape index (SHAPE_MN), provide a measure of central tendency in the corresponding patch characteristic across the entire landscape, but nevertheless describe the patch structure of the landscape as that of the average patch characteristic. Thus, each patch regardless of its size is considered equally (i.e., given equal weight) in describing the landscape structure. Consequently, metrics based on the mean patch characteristic offer a fundamentally patch-based perspective of the landscape structure. They do not describe the conditions, for example, that an animal dropped at random on the landscape would experience, because that depends on the probability of landing in a particular patch, which is dependent on patch size. 9.5Conversely, metrics based on the area-weighted mean patch characteristic, such as the areaweighted mean patch size (AREA_AM) and area-weighted mean patch shape index (SHAPE_AM), while still derived from patch characteristics, provide a landscape-based perspective of landscape structure because they reflect the average conditions of a pixel chosen at random or the conditions that an animal dropped at random on the landscape would experience. This is in fact the basis ...

The purpose of the paper is to explore the dual aspect concept of the impact of urban forms on flood damage. Theoretically, urban form has the dual aspect concept of increasing or decreasing flood damage. Recent issues such as climate change and pandemics are increasing the need to re-discuss the relationship between urban forms and natural hazards. By revisiting the dual aspect concepts of urban forms such as aggregation and dispersion, we can effectively respond to specific urban problems that present complex issues at the city level. Accordingly, this paper once again considers what is a more resilient and ideal urban form for natural hazards by exploring dual aspect concepts of urban form for flood damage spatially and quantitatively from a macroscopic point of view.

The frequency and impact of disasters have increased recently because of various reasons, including climate change, an increase in social complexity, and so on. Limited financial and manpower resources for disaster management impede ample countermeasures to mitigate various risks that trigger disasters, and this requires the identification of disasters with relatively high priority for effective and efficient disaster management. This study performs hazard risk assessment using a risk matrix for Busan Metropolitan City, indicating disasters with relatively high priority. The results suggest that infectious diseases, fine and yellow dust, storms and floods, atomic accidents, and earthquakes have relatively high priority. The results may be used as baseline data for establishing a disaster preparedness strategy and for developing future research. Standardization of the methodology for hazard risk assessment is also required to secure the efficiency of the data collection and the reliability of the assessment.