Objectives: To find out the breakfast practices and factors associated with skipping breakfast in medical students of Karachi.Material and Methods: This is is a Descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in public sector medical institutes of Karachi from 1st January to 31st March 2019. 382 medical students were enrolled after taking informed consent. Data were collected from included students of this study, who had an age of 18 to 24 years, and all other students having a history of lactose intolerance, anorexia nervosa, and food allergies were excluded from the study. Breakfast outcome (practices and skip or omit of breakfast) data were collected by self-made structured questionnaire and anthropometric data (height, weight) were recorded. Body mass index was calculated as weight (Kg)/height (m)2. Collected data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for social sciences version 22.Results: The mean age and mean Body mass index of students were 20.83±1.54 and 15.53±3.5 respectively. The study outcomes on breakfast practices, among participants, showed 81.4% were taken breakfast, breakfast skippers were 18.6%, gender-based comparison between breakfast-skippers males (14.1%): females (85.9%) were respectively and shortage of time is the main factor (56.3%) associated with breakfast skipping in students. There is no significant (p>0.05) association between Gender-based comparison between factors associated with breakfast skipping.Conclusion: The breakfast skippers were 18.6%, and among the main factors associated with skipping of breakfast was a shortage of time (56.3%).

Objective: To study the ameliorative effect of Alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) against E-cigarette induced histomorphalogical changes in adrenal cortex of male Albino rats. Study Design: Randomized Animal Control Trial. Setting: Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad. Period: September 2018 to September 2019. Material & Methods: 30 adult male albino rats were divided in three groups having 10 rats each. Normal diet and distilled water was given to control group (Group I) including 10 rats, for 4 weeks. The Rats of Group II were injected E-cigarette liquid 0.5mg per kg body weight per day diluted in 500ul normal saline intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. The experimental rats in Group III, in addition to E-cigarette liquid also received Vitamin E, 100mg per kg body weight per day mixed in daily diet. Dissection of the animals was done after completion of 4 weeks and adrenal gland was removed for histological analysis. Data was recorded and analyzed in SPSS™ version 21. Results: Alpha-Tocopherol restored the quantitative changes induced by E-Cigarette liquid in adrenal cortex in Group III, which was increased in the rats of Group II who were injected E-Cigarette liquid. Among microscopic parameters Orientation of cells, sinusoidal dilatation was significantly reduced in all adrenal cortex zones by Alpha-Tocopherol in Group III animals. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that Alpha-Tocopherol had an ameliorative effect on histological changes caused by E-cigarette liquid on adrenal cortex.

Objective: To evaluate the gender based comparison of blood pressure and heart rate in adolescent population. Study Design: Comparative Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Department of Physiology, Baqai Medical University. Period: 15 February to 15 August in 2017. Material & Methods: A total of 500 student of MBBS, BDS and DPT of Baqai medical university were enrolled in this study by non-probabilty, purposive sampling, after taking ethical approval. Blood pressure was measured by using stethoscope and mercury sphygmomanometer, which is applied to the arm. Heart rate is measured by palpating the radial artery. This collected data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22.0.This data of male and female adolescents were analyzed separately due to autonomic regulation. Results: It was observed that Gender based comparison of mean weight, mean body mass index (BMI), mean Systolic Blood Pressure, mean Diastolic Blood Pressure, and mean heart rate between males and females had statistically significant (p-value<0.05) differences. Among the categories of Diastolic Blood Pressure, only mean Normotensive blood pressure comparison in males and females showed statistically significant (p-value<0.05) difference, while Age, categories of systolic blood pressure (Normotensive, Prehypertension, Hypertension) and Diastolic blood pressure (Prehypertension, Hypertension) had showed statistically non-significant (p-value>0.05) gender difference in study participants. Conclusion: In our study results the mean BMI, mean Systolic Blood Pressure, mean Diastolic Blood Pressure, and mean heart rate had statistically significant (p-value<0.05) differences in gender.

Anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in pregnant women. In developing nations such as Pakistan the most common cause is iron deficiency. It is estimated that 38% of pregnant women worldwide are 1 affected by anemia. In particular, the reported prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in low-2 and middle-income countries is 56%. Iron deficiency anemia and the term anemia are often used interchangeably in pregnancy. In normal physiology, pregnancy manifests several changes. The ones that require observation and intervention are those that change hematological serum levels. Most of these modifications lead to p l a s m a e x p a n s i o n a n d h e m o d i l u t i o n d u r i n g