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Background: Vanilla planifolia, a threatened species, is distributed naturally in semi-deciduous and evergreen rain forests of southeastern Mexico and parts of Central America. In the wild, it is difficult to diagnose from another sympatric Vanilla species, and individuals with reproductive structures are usually required. Questions: Can ISSR discriminate wild individuals of Vanilla planifolia from other sympatric species of the genus? Can phylogenetic analyses of ITS recover the monophyly of V. planifolia and help identify Vanilla species? Studied species: The vanilla (V. planifolia), the second-most important economically spice in the world. Study site and years of study: Plant material was collected during 2014 in the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula. Methods: We analyzed 88 wild individuals of several Vanilla species. Individuals of five species of Vanilla reported for the region were used as reference. 84 ISSR loci were analyzed using three clustering methods. A phylogenetic inference using ITS was performed. Results: ISSR markers clearly discriminate wild Vanilla planifolia, finding definite genetic structure within the species. The three clustering methods identified genetic relationships with congruent patterns. Five groups were found and they corresponded with the species studied. Phylogenetic inference of ITS sequences supported the monophyly of the Vanilla and the resulting cladograms were coherent with the clustering pattern observed in the ISSR studies. Conclusions: Both ISSR and ITS analyses are able to identify V. planifolia. Molecular data suggest the presence of V. pompona and a new species of Vanilla in the Yucatan Peninsula. Keywords: Genetic identification, molecular markers, phylogenetic analysis, vanilla, wild populations.Vanilla planifolia silvestre y sus parientes en la Península de Yucatán, México: análisis sistemáticos con ISSR e ITS Resumen Antecedentes: Vanilla planifolia es una especie amenazada que se distribuye naturalmente en las selvas tropicales perennifolias y subperennifolias del sureste de México y parte de Centroamérica. En estado silvestre, es difícil de diferenciar de otras especies simpátricas de Vanilla, y usualmente se requieren individuos con estructuras reproductivas. Preguntas: ¿Pueden los marcadores ISSR discriminar individuos silvestres de Vanilla planifolia de otras especies simpátricas de vainilla?, ¿Puede el análisis de ITS recobrar la monofilia de V. planifolia y contribuir a identificar las especies de Vanilla? Especie en estudio: Económicamente, la vainilla (Vanilla planifolia) es la segunda especia más importante en el mundo. Sitio de estudio y fecha: La colecta se realizó en 2014 en la Península de Yucatán. Métodos: Se analizaron 88 de individuos silvestres de especies de Vanilla. Se utilizaron como testigos individuos de cinco especies de vainilla reportadas para la región. 84 loci de ISSR fueron analizados usando tres métodos de agrupamiento. Se realizó una inferencia filogenética con ITS. Resultados: Los ISSR discriminaron claramente a los individuos si...

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is one of the five domesticated Phaseolus bean crops, which are essential sources of dietary proteins for human consumption. Compared to common bean (P. vulgaris), it shows a wider range of ecological adaptations along its distribution range from Mexico to Argentina. These adaptations and its phenotypic plasticity make Lima bean a promising crop for improving food security under predicted scenarios of climate change in Latin America and elsewhere. Lima bean is also an excellent model to study convergent evolution of the adaptive domestication syndrome due to its dual domestication in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Combining long and short read sequencing technologies with a dense genetic map from a biparental population, we obtained the first chromosome-level genome assembly for Lima bean. Annotation of 28,326 gene models showed high diversity among 1,917 genes with conserved domains related to disease resistance. Structural comparison across 21,180 orthologs with common bean revealed high genome synteny and two large intrachromosomal rearrangements. Speciation between P. lunatus and P. vulgaris occurred about six million years ago according to nucleotide evolution between these orthologs. Population genomic analysis of GBS data for 482 wild and domesticated accessions from the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools provided novel evidence on population structure at a finer geographical scale. Results show that wild Lima bean is organized into six clusters with mostly non-overlapping distributions and that Mesomerican landraces can be further subdivided into three subclusters. A new wild cluster of diversity was found in the Colombian Andes and a separate genetic cluster was observed for Mesoamerican landraces of the Peninsula of Yucatan in Mexico. This study also documents genome wide patterns of selection and haplotype introgression events among gene pools. Analysis of RNA-seq data obtained from wild and domesticated accessions at two different pod developmental stages revealed 4,275 differentially expressed genes, which could be related to pod dehiscence and seed development. We expect that the present resources serve as a solid basis to achieve a comprehensive view of the degree of convergent evolution of Phaseolus species under domestication and provide new tools and information for breeding for climate change resiliency of different domesticated species.

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ResumenLa finalidad de la investigación es hacer un meta-análisis del estado del conocimiento de la educación mediada por las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en México y América Latina en la última década. Previo a la búsqueda de información se definieron Líneas Generales de Aplicación del Conocimiento (LGAC) y categorías. Los resultados indican que los estudios están orientados principalmente a los recursos virtuales de aprendizaje y su contribución en la educación. De igual forma se detectó que el 80% de los trabajos son de tipo cualitativo, siendo los de corte cuantitativo o mixto sólo una quinta parte. La educación superior es hacia donde se dirige el 46% de las investigaciones en México y el 62% en América Latina. Se encontraron vacíos en la generación de conocimiento en las habilidades digitales de los padres, capacitación a estudiantes sobre competencias en TIC, vinculación educativa con empresas y educación a discapacitados.Palabras clave: Tecnología en Educación, TIC, Meta-análisis. AbstractThe purpose of this study is to perform a meta-analysis of the state of knowledge of ICT-based education in Mexico and Latin America in the last decade. Prior to seeking information, general lines of knowledge application and categories were defined. The results indicate that studies are mostly focused on virtual learning resources and their contribution to education. Similarly, it was found that 80% of studies are qualitative, with quantitative or mixed studies accounting for only a fifth of work on the subject. In Mexico, 46% of research addresses higher education; this figure is 62% in Latin America. Gaps were found in knowledge generation in parents' digital skills, student training in ICT competency, educational outreach with businesses, and disability education.