Open access to modern information technologies generates a new type of society that increases the productivity and competitiveness of any country in the world market and requires significant changes in the education system. One of the most innovative approaches in education is gamification of learning which has considerable capabilities to increase students' enjoyment, interest and engagement in the study. In this regard, the aim of our research is to analyse the use of gamification in higher education institutions of Poland, Ukraine and to study the effectiveness of using Kahoot as one of gamification technologies in teaching English for specific purposes (ESP) to students in a technical university. As shown by the results of the study, Poland has considerable experience in the use of computer games in higher education, whereas Ukraine is only beginning to implement these technologies in learning. An experimental study of the use of Kahoot platform in ESP classes at university level, which employed the methods of testing, observation and questioning, showed the effectiveness and expediency of this technology, as the students demonstrated a higher achievement rate, more active engagement and deeper motivation for learning.

The aim of this paper is to define the factors influencing the level of energy poverty among students. The analysis of these factors is based on the results of a survey conducted among a group of 937 students at the Cracow University of Economics. The study takes into consideration the changes in the attitudes and behavior of students resulting from the introduction of distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The switch to distance learning resulted in a significant increase in the number of responses related to feeling ill or sick due to inadequate temperature (from 24% before a lockdown to 32% after the introduction of a lockdown). Students experienced temporary surges in their overall living costs due to the pandemic, especially during the first wave. The respondents who experienced inappropriate temperatures (inadequate heating) due to excessive costs felt ill or became sick more often than others. The study demonstrated that those who pay more for energy (defined as a surplus payment in excess of 10%) tended to be, on average, less energy-aware than others. The following indicators of energy poverty among the students were distinguished: high living costs, small degree of influence over the choice of living quarters, as well as concerns over energy efficiency and environment. The conclusions drawn from the conducted studies may be utilized to design public policies aimed at curtailing the phenomenon of energy poverty among students. This issue is particularly prominent in large urban agglomerations where the costs of living are high and result in the feeling of pressure regarding the need to save money on thermal energy consumption.

Streszczenie: W artykule dokonano przeglądu najważniejszych teorii wartości, począwszy od starożytności, aż do czasów współczesnych. Przytoczono poglądy w sprawie określania wartości dóbr i usług m.in. Arystotelesa, Adama Smitha, Ludwiga von Misesa czy Petera Burke'a. Na podstawie tych rozważań podjęto próbę sformułowania definicji społecznej wartości dodanej tworzonej przez podmioty sektora ekonomii społecznej, co będzie punktem wyjścia do opisania metod pomiaru dokonań w ekonomii społecznej. Słowa kluczowe: wartość, cena, dobra i usługi, pieniądz, monetyzacja, społeczna wartość dodana.

Background: This text was created as a consequence of reading the article entitled "Using the social return on investment (SROI) as a measure of the effectiveness of social innovation projects implemented under public policies" published in the Social Enterprise Journal. Research objectives: This article aims to contribute to the ongoing debate about the best way to measure the economic effectiveness of public policies, as well to explore the possibility of using the SROI method as one of the indicators. Research design and methods: The paper is based on Google Trends analysis and previous project results.

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