This paper presents the results of a survey concerning energy literacy conducted among a group of 913 students at the Cracow University of Economics in Poland—a country whose power system is still primarily based on burning coal and where the prospects of the closure of the mining sector present particularly difficult challenges. The aim of the study was to investigate specific aspects of energy literacy such as knowledge, behaviour, attitudes, and self-efficacy, and to determine what affects them using multivariate linear regression analysis. According to the findings, the primary factors determining energy literacy are gender, going away from home to study, and the experience of energy poverty. Self-efficacy, attitude, and the pro-ecological elements of both attitude and knowledge are the factors that have the most impact on students’ behaviour. The absence of a statistically significant impact of general knowledge on behaviour is a critical presumption for developing the premises of an effective pro-environment energy strategy. Based on the data, we present a number of policy proposals, including informational activity as well as ways of influencing the emotional and behavioural domains.

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Declines in income, high deficits and debt (caused by the global financial crisis of 2008–2010) forced many countries to take action to contribute to saving and changing socio-economic structure. The study shows the consequences of the downturn for the healthcare sector. The article aims to provide answers to questions concerning the adjustment of health expenditure, in particular the scale and pace of their possible reduction in high-pressure situations on the part of public finances. The article describes evolution of basic economic parameters, then the figures and trends in the different categories of health spending. Also conditions for rescue programs on an international scale are presented.

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