The rapid growth of information technology and industrial revolutions provoked digital transformation of all sectors, from the government to households. Moreover, digital transformations led to the development of cryptocurrency. However, crypto trading provokes a dilemma loop. On the one hand, crypto trading led to economic development, which allowed attracting additional resources to extending smart and green technologies for de-carbonising the economic growth. On the other hand, crypto trading led to intensifying energy sources, which provoked an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. The paper aims to analyse the connections between crypto trading, economic development of the country, renewable energy consumption, and environmental degradation. The data for analysis were obtained from: Our World in Data, World Data Bank, Eurostat, Ukrstat, Crystal Blockchain, and KOF Globalisation Index. To check the hypothesis, the paper applied the Pedroni and Kao panel cointegration tests, FMOLS and DOLS panel cointegration models, and Vector Error Correction Models. The findings concluded that the increasing crypto trading led to enhanced GDP, real gross fixed capital formation, and globalisation. However, in the long run, the relationship between crypto trading and the share of renewable energies in total energy consumption was not confirmed by the empirical results. For further directions, it is necessary to analyse the impact of crypto trading on land and water pollution.

Purpose:The article aims to present the key European Union activities aimed at transforming the economy and the resulting challenges for businesses, as well as examples of international initiatives to assist businesses in meeting these challenges. Design/Methodology/Approach: Unfortunately, advances in technology and the resulting growth of the global economy have had a significant and negative impact on the global environment. Increasing demand for energy produced by burning fossil fuels has led to such non-renewable raw materials becoming more and more limited and directly translated into increased emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide. Data cited by Our World in Data [2020] shows that the global consumption of energy generated through fossil fuel combustion has increased by as much as 170% over 50 years from 50 to 136 TWh. The amount of carbon dioxide generated from fuel combustion and cement manufacturing has increased by 165% over the same periodfrom nearly 14 billion to 36 billion tonnes annually. The main part of the article is a review of the market practices of Polish financial institutions and their methods of responding to these challenges in the first quarter of 2021. Findings: The Task Force for Climate Disclosure recommendations emphasize that disclosures should be prepared according to the seven principles for effective disclosure, which outline the minimum disclosure standard, Relevance, Specificity and completeness, Clarity and balance, Comparability between reporting periods, Comparability with disclosures of other entities, Reliability, objectivity, verifiability, Cyclicality. Practical Implications: Economic development has made it possible to improve the quality of life for people in many parts of the world. This wasand still isthanks to constant technical progress, which began in earnest with the English Industrial Revolution, but only gained full momentum in the 20th century. Originality/Value: The study is a detailed presentation of procedures, directives and decisions related to climate challenges in the Polish banking sector.

The article makes references to the existing cost-benefit analyses on adopting the euro in Poland and other new member states of the EU. In general, they considered a decrease in the cost of capital to be among the crucial benefits of adopting the common currency. As a result, the costs of a credit boombust cycle, to which adoption of the euro may lead, were at best underestimated. The authors discussed the possible solutions to mitigate the risk of boom-bust cycles and concluded that although they are conceptually simple, their effective implementation may be difficult, mostly due to political pressures. To overcome the feasibility problem, the power over undertaking macro prudential measures should be delegated to the central bank. Its past performance in stabilising the economy (at least until recently) suggests that it could make a good use of such a power. Furthermore, adopting the euro would resolve the problem of the ‘difficult cohabitation’ of monetary and macro prudential policy that such a delegation would otherwise create.

W artykule przedstawiono propozycję powiązania prywatyzacji i rozwoju filara kapitałowego w systemie emerytalnym w Polsce. Istotnym jej uzupełnieniem jest mechanizm mający zapewnić ład korporacyjny w spółkach z udziałem Skarbu Państwa, wzorowany na rozwiązaniach z krajów skandynawskich. W tekście argumentuje się, że takie powiązanie ułatwiłoby pokonanie przeszkód natury politycznej dla prywatyzacji, które są następstwem jej negatywnego postrzegania przez opinię publiczną. Pozwalałoby ono, po pierwsze, trwale upowszechnić własność przedsiębiorstw i w pełni oddzielić politykę od zarządzania przedsiębiorstwami oraz, po drugie, zwiększyć rozmiary filara kapitałowego w systemie emerytalnym bez zwiększenia napięć w finansach publicznych. Przegląd literatury zawarty w artykule wskazuje, że oba te efekty sprzyjałyby wzmocnieniu długofalowego wzrostu gospodarczego w Polsce.