This work contains the results of a modern helicopter construction analysis. It includes the comparison of almost seventy rotorcraft constructions in terms of size in line with EASA requirements – large and small helicopters. The helicopters are also divided because of a mission purpose. The proposed division for large aircrafts is: transport, multipurpose, attack and for small aircrafts: observation, training, and utility. The aircraft construction features are described. Average dimension values of airframes and rotors are shown. Helicopter rotor arrangements are presented in terms of an operational purpose. Next, the rotorcraft design inputs are described. The mathematical formulas for design inputs are given. The ratios are calculated and gathered for the compared aircrafts. Correlation between the analysed parameters is presented on charts. Design inputs are also presented in the paper as a function of MTOW. The function trends are determined to provide an evaluation tool for helicopter designers. In addition, the parameters are presented as possible optimisation variables.
This work is the preliminary part of a research program which is aimed at finding some new methods and design solutions for helicopter main rotor multidisciplinary optimization. The task was to develop a parametric geometric model of a single-blade main rotor applicable for varied methods of numerical aerodynamic modeling. The general analytical assumptions for the parametric main rotor design were described. The description of the main rotor blade parametric design method based on Open GRIP graphical programming was presented. Then, the parametric model of a blade was used for aerodynamic models independently developed for panel method and advanced CFD solver. The results obtained from the CFD simulations and panel analysis for main rotor aerodynamics were compared and assessed using analytical calculations. The calculations and simulations for a single-blade and completed rotor were performed for different helicopter weights and rotor pitch angles. The results of different computer aerodynamic analysis environments were compared for the possibility of their application in an optimization loop. This is preliminary work that describes only a partial problem that could be used in the future as part of a comprehensive methodology for aerodynamic and structural optimization of a helicopter rotor. As an output of the research, new options for main rotor optimization are developed. The combined parametric modeling with aerodynamic analysis, as described in this paper, provide the preliminary design for a main rotor spiral, as an element of the optimization loop.
Wybory prezydenckie w USA w 2020 r. przeszły do historii. Cechowały je: rekordowa frekwencja, rekordowa liczba głosów korespondencyjnych oraz ogłoszenie zwycięstwa przez przegranego kandydata – wówczas jeszcze urzędującego prezydenta. Media amerykańskie, spodziewając się dezinformacji wyborczej, wykazały się odpowiedzialnością i konsekwentnie informowały o braku zwycięzcy w sytuacji niepoliczenia znacznej liczby głosów w kluczowych stanach. Twitter za sprawą D. Trumpa stał się jedną z głównych form komunikacji prezydenta ze społeczeństwem. Stąd szczególnie istotne były zabezpieczenia wprowadzone przez ten portal dotyczące przedwczesnego ogłoszenia zwycięstwa. Artykuł, wykorzystując krytyczną analizę dyskursu, na podstawie materiałów głównych stacji telewizyjnych (CNN, Fox News) oraz twittów Trumpa, bada tezę, że odpowiedzialność mediów tradycyjnych oraz społecznościowych w 2020 roku uniemożliwiła doprowadzenie do ogromnych niepokojów społecznych oraz doprowadziła do pokojowej zmiany władzy.
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