This chapter will introduce the UHI phenomena in Warsaw, in particular after a the defi nition of the pilot area, experimental microclimatic measurements were made in two housing estates, Koło and Włodarzewska, located at a similar distance from the city centre and from the city limits but different in terms of building periods and materials. A specifi c analysis of vegetation is provided to put in relationship UHI effects and allergenic factors. The case is completed by some solutions in terms of mitigation and adaptation to reduce urban warming impact. Keywords Microclimate • Urban spatial organization • Green areas • Mitigation Introduction -UHI as an Effect of Spatial Organization of the CityWarsaw is the largest city in Poland. Its area of almost 515 km 2 has signifi cant differentiation of land use. Currently about 248 km 2 is built-up area (48 %). Within this the greatest part (about 57 km 2 ) is covered by industry, trade units and transport systems. Forests make up about 15 % of the city. Urban parks and other recreational green areas cover 10 %. 12 % of the city territory is used as arable land, for crops and pasture. The category "heterogeneous agricultural areas" includes sparsely built areas and allotment gardens -11.3 % (Table 11.1 ). With 1.7 million residents and

The paper presents some aspects of Warsaw's climate, in particular the urban heat island. UHI changes in different seasons and in different air mass types were analysed over the years 2011-2012. Average UHI in Warsaw is of a diamond shape which reflects the distribution of the densest built area and exceeds 2.0°C in the city centre compared to the airport station. In subtropical air mass, the intensity of UHI on the left side of the Vistula River reached 7.7°C. The basis for the analysis is the microclimatic measurement network of 28 permanent points in Warsaw and its surroundings, operated by IGSO PAS and completed by data from 7 other stations. This dense network became the IGSO PAS' input into an UHI project titled 'Development and application of mitigation and adaptation strategies and measures for counteracting the global Urban Heat Islands phenomenon (UHI)' implemented through the Central Europe Program and co-financed by the ERDF.

This study presents the results of a field campaign aimed at observing near-surface flow and pressure fields downwind of the Tatra Mountains. The general objective was to study low-level turbulence associated with lee waves and rotors and to improve weather forecasts for aviation. The main instrumentation consisted of a network of nine weather stations arranged as a transect perpendicular to the Tatra Mountains. The stations recorded the wind speed and direction (at 10 m), atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity (at 2 m) for ∼2 years. Gliding flights and cloud cover observations using two digital sky cameras also formed part of the campaign. The measurements were supported by data from atmospheric soundings in Poprad (Slovakia) and satellite images provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). During a stable southerly flow, episodes of flow separation were observed, which are associated with lee-wave and rotor activity aloft. Based on data from the selected period, surface-pressure perturbations arranged as alternate positive and negative anomalies with extreme values of up to ∼0.7 hPa were detected. Positive (negative) anomalies are assumed to be a response of the surface-pressure field under the influence of descending (ascending) wave or rotor currents because of the downward (upward) component of the air movement in the atmosphere. The relationship between the decreasing magnitudes of the pressure perturbations with the distance from the Tatra Mountains was exposed. It was also possible to demonstrate the dependence of the position and intensity of pressure anomalies in relation to changes in wind conditions.

Abstract. Given that the number of tourists travelling between Poland and Bulgaria increases every year, this article considers the adaptation strain facing those who move between certain sites on national or international routes. The Adaptation Strain Index (ASI) was applied for this purpose, and seasonal and spatial patterns of bioclimatic contrasts were considered. While travel within one or other of the countries does not prove particularly oppressive, it may sometimes lead to moderate adaptation strain. In contrast, international travel may prove especially stressful in summer and winter, to the extent that even very strong adaptation strain may be evoked. The results confirm the utility of the Adaptation Strain Index in measuring the bioclimatic contrasts between different locations.

Uniejów położony jest w makroregionie Nizina Południowowielkopolska. Środkowa i północna część gminy należy do mezoregionu Kotlina Kolska, zaś niewielka południowa jej część do mezoregionu Wysoczyzna Łaska 1 . Uniejów usytuowany jest w zachodniej części województwa łódzkiego w powiecie poddębickim. Obszar przyszłego uzdrowiska jest oddzielony od miasta rzeką Wartą.Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ocena warunków klimatycznych i bioklimatycznych Uniejowa z punktu widzenia potrzeb lecznictwa uzdrowiskowego. MATERIAŁY PODSTAWOWENa obszarze Uniejowa nie funkcjonuje stacja meteorologiczna. Dlatego też do scharakteryzowania ogólnych cech klimatu miejscowości wykorzystano dane z najbliższych stacji IMGW w Kole i Kaliszu za lata 1988−2007. Dane te zaczerpnięto z bazy danych NOAA. Dysponowano wartościami średnimi dobowymi podstawowych elementów meteorologicznych, dobowymi wartościami temperatury maksymalnej i minimalnej powietrza oraz codziennymi informacjami o opadach i innych zjawiskach meteorologicznych. W przypadku niektórych cech klimatu wykorzystano codzienne wartości terminowe ze stacji w Łodzi-Lublinku za lata 1993−2002. Dane te zaczerpnięto z depesz synoptycznych dostępnych w bazie danych OGIMET.