This paper presents the spatial differentiation to biothermal conditions in the Ziemia Kłodzka region of Poland, the basis for the assessment being the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), with spatial analysis relating to maps made using a GIS application. The differentiation to UTCI values was defined for several types of weather.The greatest spatial differentiation to values for heat stress is to be observed in sunny, hot and dry weather in the presence of only gentle winds. Forests stand out from other types of landscape in the way they mitigate heat loads significantly.

This chapter will introduce the UHI phenomena in Warsaw, in particular after a the defi nition of the pilot area, experimental microclimatic measurements were made in two housing estates, Koło and Włodarzewska, located at a similar distance from the city centre and from the city limits but different in terms of building periods and materials. A specifi c analysis of vegetation is provided to put in relationship UHI effects and allergenic factors. The case is completed by some solutions in terms of mitigation and adaptation to reduce urban warming impact. Keywords Microclimate • Urban spatial organization • Green areas • Mitigation Introduction -UHI as an Effect of Spatial Organization of the CityWarsaw is the largest city in Poland. Its area of almost 515 km 2 has signifi cant differentiation of land use. Currently about 248 km 2 is built-up area (48 %). Within this the greatest part (about 57 km 2 ) is covered by industry, trade units and transport systems. Forests make up about 15 % of the city. Urban parks and other recreational green areas cover 10 %. 12 % of the city territory is used as arable land, for crops and pasture. The category "heterogeneous agricultural areas" includes sparsely built areas and allotment gardens -11.3 % (Table 11.1 ). With 1.7 million residents and

The paper presents some aspects of Warsaw's climate, in particular the urban heat island. UHI changes in different seasons and in different air mass types were analysed over the years 2011-2012. Average UHI in Warsaw is of a diamond shape which reflects the distribution of the densest built area and exceeds 2.0°C in the city centre compared to the airport station. In subtropical air mass, the intensity of UHI on the left side of the Vistula River reached 7.7°C. The basis for the analysis is the microclimatic measurement network of 28 permanent points in Warsaw and its surroundings, operated by IGSO PAS and completed by data from 7 other stations. This dense network became the IGSO PAS' input into an UHI project titled 'Development and application of mitigation and adaptation strategies and measures for counteracting the global Urban Heat Islands phenomenon (UHI)' implemented through the Central Europe Program and co-financed by the ERDF.

No abstract

Abstract. Given that the number of tourists travelling between Poland and Bulgaria increases every year, this article considers the adaptation strain facing those who move between certain sites on national or international routes. The Adaptation Strain Index (ASI) was applied for this purpose, and seasonal and spatial patterns of bioclimatic contrasts were considered. While travel within one or other of the countries does not prove particularly oppressive, it may sometimes lead to moderate adaptation strain. In contrast, international travel may prove especially stressful in summer and winter, to the extent that even very strong adaptation strain may be evoked. The results confirm the utility of the Adaptation Strain Index in measuring the bioclimatic contrasts between different locations.