Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) 6 and 11. While various adjuvant therapies have been reported, no effective therapy has been documented to universally "cure" this disease. In the era of precision medicine, it would be valuable to identify effective intervention based on drug sensitivity testing and/or molecular analysis. It is essential to be able to successfully carry out in vitro culture and expand tumor cells directly from patients to accomplish this goal. Here we report the result of successful culture of HPV-infected cell lines (success rate 70%, 9/13) that express the E6/E7 RNA transcript, using pathologic tissue biopsies from patients treated at our institution. The availability of such a system would enable ex vivo therapeutic testing and disease modeling.

Background: Respiratory distress is a frequent occurrence in neonates, typically caused by a variety of pulmonary conditions. Accurate diagnosis of the cause is vital to appropriately treat neonates and prevent long-term complications. Neck masses rarely cause respiratory distress in this setting but should be considered when clinical signs indicate. Methods: The authors present the patient with a neonate born at term who developed stertor, respiratory distress requiring intubation, and repeated failure to extubate. Results: Physical examination showed right-sided lower and midface enlargement with a firm mass mostly over the parotid and right neck. Both computerized and magnetic resonance tomography demonstrated a right-sided neck mass. Surgical exploration revealed extensive tumor burden emanating from the great auricular, hypoglossal, and other nerves of the neck, including invasion of the carotid sheath encasing the artery. Excisional biopsy showed plexiform neurofibroma, and pathognomonic for neurofibromatosis type 1. The decision was made to pursue medical management, as complete excision would have resulted in increased morbidity due to the involvement of multiple cranial nerves. The patient underwent microlaryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and tracheostomy and was started on Trametinib chemotherapy. Conclusion: Neonatal airway obstruction can rarely be caused by unanticipated mass lesion, such as plexiform neurofibroma. A high index of suspicion must be maintained for early onset mass lesions causing respiratory obstruction to inhibit early disease progression and avoid potentially fatal sequelae.

A full-term 2719-g female infant was transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on day 1 of life after developing respiratory distress requiring endotracheal intubation. Gestation was complicated by polyhydramnios and gestational diabetes. In the NICU, choking and desaturation were noted with oral feeding. Videofluoroscopic swallow study demonstrated aspiration with all consistencies. Microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy were conducted, and the patient was diagnosed as having a type II laryngeal cleft. At 2 weeks of age, she decompensated secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis and was intubated for persistent left lung collapse. At that time, computed tomographic (CT) imaging was performed, revealing the etiology of her respiratory decompensation (Figure 1). Figure 1. Coronal computed tomographic image of the chest with contrast.

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