Experiment 1 found that performers' private expectancies of success improved performance, whereas the audience's expectations for success lowered performance. Results were strongest for persons low in trait self-consciousness and for males. In Experiment 2, audience expectations for success raised performance if they were convincing enough that the performer privately began to expect success. Otherwise, (unconvincing) audience expectations of success again lowered performance. These results appear to fit a model holding that audience expectations of success constitute performance pressure, which harms performance except when substantial private confidence is created.We thank Robert Arkin, William B. Swann, Jr., and both anonymous reviewers for their encouraging critiques of previous drafts.Requests for reprints should be sent to Roy F. Baumeister,

On the basis of self-regulatory perseveration theory, we hypothesized that the negative memory bias commonly found among depressed people is mediated by excess levels of self-focused attention and thus can be reduced by preventing depressed people from focusing on themselves. In Experiment I, nondepressed and subclinically depressed college students were induced to focus either on themselves or externally and then to recall 10 events that had happened to themselves during the previous 2 weeks. Consistent with our hypotheses, events recalled by depressed Ss were more negative than events recalled by nondepressed Ss under conditions of self-focus but not under conditions of external focus. We conducted Experiment 2 to determine whether this effect was specific to self-referent events or generalizable to events that happened to other people. Experiment 2's findings replicated the previous findings for self-referent events but showed a different pattern for recall of events that happened to others, suggesting that self-focus reduces the negative memory bias among depressed individuals by deactivating their self-schemas. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Over the past 10-15 years, there has been a virtual explosion of research demonstrating various cognitive differences between depressed and nondepressed people (for a general review, see Coyne & Gotlib, 1983). In spite of this high level of interest, there has been little empirical research focused on determining what mediates these differences or uncovering conditions under which depressed people do and do not differ from nondepressed people. Recently, several theorists and researchers have suggested that self-focused attention may play a central role in mediating a wide variety of depression-related characteristics (e.g.,

We are reporting on the process of validating an instrument for quantifying sense of well-being in a perimenopausal population. Substantial reliability and validity estimates for the scale and its subscales support the UQOL as a valuable new tool for use in clinical research and practice.

SUMMARYOne of the major applications of factor analysis in the chemical literature, self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR), is covered in this review, including a historical account of the methods derived from Lawton and Sylvestre's original method. Papers treating the theory or applications of SMCR are included. Qualitative and quantitative applications are described where appropriate.

A recent review of the literature on the role of self-focused attention in psychological dysfunction (Ingram, 1990) is critically examined. This article (a) reexamines the evidence relevant to Ingram's proposal that self-awareness is a nonspecific factor involved in virtually all forms of psychopathology and argues that this conclusion is not warranted by the existing evidence; (b) takes issue with his premise that the fact that self-awareness is associated with a variety of psychological dysfunctions poses a conceptual dilemma; (c) corrects several important inaccuracies and mischaracterizations in his presentation of Carver and Scheier's (1981) cybernetic control theory and Pyszczynski and Greenberg's (1987) self-regulatory perseveration theory; and (d) critiques the "self-absorption" model that he proposed as an alternative to extant theories and concludes that this conceptualization does not add to the understanding of either self-awareness processes or psychopathology.