Purpose To compare visual performance between emmetropic and uncorrected moderately hyperopic preschool age children without strabismus or amblyopia. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Setting Multicenter, institutional. Patient or Study Population Children aged 4 or 5 years. Intervention or Observation Procedures Visual functions were classified as normal or reduced for each child based on the 95% confidence interval for emmetropes. Hyperopic (≥3.0 diopters [D] to ≤6.0D in the most hyperopic meridian; astigmatism≤1.50D; anisometropia≤1.0D) and emmetropic status were determined by cycloplegic autorefraction. Main Outcome Measures Uncorrected monocular distance and binocular near visual acuity (VA); accommodative response; and near random dot stereoacuity. Results Mean (±SD) LogMAR distance VA among 248 emmetropes was better than among 244 hyperopes for the better (0.05±0.10 vs. 0.14±0.11, p<.001) and worse eyes (0.10±0.11 vs. 0.19±0.10, p<.001). Mean binocular LogMAR near VA was better in emmetropes than hyperopes (0.13±0.11 vs. 0.21±0.11, p<.001). Mean accommodative response for emmetropes was lower than for hyperopes for both Monocular Estimation Method (1.03±0.51D vs. 2.03±1.03D, p<0.001) and Grand Seiko (0.46±0.45D vs. 0.99±1.0D, p<0.001). Median near stereoacuity was better in emmetropes than hyperopes (40 sec arc vs.120 sec arc, p<0.001). The average number of reduced visual functions was lower in emmetropic than in hyperopic children (.19 vs.1.0 p<0.001). Conclusions VA, accommodative response, and stereoacuity were significantly reduced in moderate uncorrected hyperopic preschool children compared to emmetropes. Higher hyperopes (≥4 to ≤6D) were at greatest risk, although more than half of children with lower magnitudes (≥3 to <4D) demonstrated one or more reductions in function.

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In the goby, Cillichthys mirabilis, urotensin I1 (a bioactive neuropeptide present in the urophysis of teleost fish) has the dodecapeptide sequence, H2 N-AGTADC-FWKYCV-OH, which is homologous with mammalian somatostatin at positions 1, 2 and 7-9. The Merrifield solid phase synthesis of Gillichthys urotensin I1 (UII) was accomplished by stepwise assembly from the carboxy terminus using N"-tert. -butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) amino acids containing benzyl-derived groups for protection of side-chain functionalities. Coupling of amino acids to the growing peptide was mediated by diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt). Residual a-amino groups remaining after coupling were blocked by acetylation with 1-acetylimidazole. Crude, synthetic UII was extracted from the HF-treated, protected peptide-resin product, reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT), reoxidized at high dilution with 0 2 , and separated into its components using a single, preparative, reverse-phase HPLC step. The pure, synthetic UII, obtained in 7.6% yield from oxidized crude UII, was indistinguishable from pure, native UII in specific bioactivity, amino acid sequence, and retention time in each of two different HPLC systems.Key words: bioactivity of synthetic UII; HF deprotection and cleavage; intrachain disulfide formation; Merrifield solid phase synthesis; purification by reversed phase HPLC; urotensin 11.Teleost fish possess a well-defined neurohemal ventrolateral to the central canal and caudal to organ, the urophysis, which is located in the the fifth preterminal vertebra. caudal region of the spinal cord. In the goby, Several biological activities including smooth Gillichthys mirabilis, the urophysis contains the muscle contraction, cardiovascular effects in terminals of axons projected from two linearly fish, birds, and mammals, and osmoregulatory arrayed columns of neurosecretory cells, effects, have been reported for factors derived from this system (1-5). At least three distinct urophyseal peptides have been described. One has an arginine vasotocin-like activity (6). A second, ,,rotensin II (uII), has hypertensive (6), smooth muscle-contracting, and osmo-Abbreviations: UII, urotensin 11; Boc, N"-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl; DIC, N, N'diisopropylcarbodiimide; HOBt, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole; DTT, dithiothreitol; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; Bzl, properties (7, 8)* A third, urotensin benzyl; 4Mebz1, 4-methylbenzyl; 2ClZ, 2-chloro-I (UI), has a strong hypotensive effect in rats benzyloxycarbonyl; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; DIEA, (3) and in birds (9), and also induces relaxation diisopropylethylamine; AcOH, acetic acid; ODs, of isolated rabbit aorta (1 0). Recently, microoctadecylsilane. sequence analysis of UII from Gillichthys 448 0367 -8377/82/050448-06 $02.00/0 0 1982 Munksgaard, Copenhagen A., Polenov, A.

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