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A small cross‐over study among ten free‐living volunteers was carried out to determine the changes in plasma cholesterol levels [total, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and subfractions) during two dietary regimens. One diet, designated as ‘western’ was characterized by high saturated fat (46% energy from fat, 24% from saturated fat), low fibre and no fish; the other designated ‘prudent’ permitted ad lib consumption of fish, chicken, high‐fibre bread and cereals, vegetables and fruit but a minimum of dairy and meat products (21% energy from fat, 6% saturated). Between the ends of the ‘western’ and ‘prudent’ periods total cholesterol levels fell in all subjects, on average by 0.93 mmol/1. HDL cholesterol and its subfractions also tended to decrease, but not consistently in all subjects. Correlations between individual changes in fat intake and changes in plasma total cholesterol suggested a positive relationship (a large change in dietary fat associated with a large change in plasma total cholesterol). Changes in HDL cholesterol appeared to be negatively related to changes in fat and positively to changes in carbohydrate intakes. Changes in dietary energy levels showed no association with changes in lipid levels. On the basis of the present results, further studies are desirable to determine optimal dietary changes to achieve low plasma total cholesterol levels and conservation of HDL‐cholesterol levels.

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