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Lithium anode electrochemical cells have been operated at room temperature using electrolytic solutions of lithium salts in inorganic solvents such as phosphorus oxychloride, thionyl chloride, and sulfuryl chloride. Lithium metal can be electrodeposited from these solutions accompanied, in the case of chlorine‐containing electrolytes, by the simultaneous electrogeneration of chlorine at the positive electrode. The resulting lithium/chlorine electrochemical cells have open‐circuit potentials of 4.0–4.3V, depending on the presence of excess Lewis acid in the electrolyte. The solvents are compatible with both lithium metal and with strong oxidants including chlorine (Cl2), cupric fluoride false(CuF2false) , polycarbon monofluoride false(CF)normaln , and tungsten trioxide false(WO3false) which can be used as cathode materials. The solvents themselves, while difficult to oxidize, can be electrochemically reduced at various catalytic surfaces (such as carbon black and metals) and act as cathode depolarizers. This catalytic solvent reduction process leads to cells with exceptionally stable voltages and energy densities in excess of 500 W‐hr/kg.

Electrochemically active aluminum can be cathodically deposited and anodically stripped from acidic mixtures of 1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium chloride and aluminum chloride at room temperature. The rates of deposition can be high (25 mA/cm2), and the deposited aluminum can be quantitatively cycled in large amounts (>25 C/cm2) at high efficiency (>99%).

Mixtures of 1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium chloride (MEICl) and aluminum chloride are molten salts at room temperature and below. Acidic melts, which contain AlCl3 mole fraction false(Nfalse) greater than 0.5, can be used as catholytes, with basic melts false(N