No abstract

No abstract

The development of simple, nonsocial behaviors was observed in neonatal squirrel monkeys and cotton-top tamarins. One group of observed behaviors included rooting, orienting up. clasping, and grasping. and was assumed to be more directly related to maintenance of maternal contact and nursing than others such as visual and auditory orienting, crawling, walking, and climbing down.Comparison of the results with previously reported data from rhesus monkeys and gaalagos supported the hypothesis that neonatal behaviors related to maternal contact and nursing persist longer in species with relatively passive maternal behaviors than in species with relatively active maternal behaviors. In contrast, the development of neonatal behaviors not directly related to maternal contact and nursing was not found to vary reliably as a function of species.Interest in behavioral development of neonatal primates has increased rapidly in recent years with the advent of reliable procedures for breeding and maintaining infants in captivity. Most behavioral research on neonatal primates to date has been concentrated on the development of behavior occurring in a social context (see Hinde. 1971, for a review). Development of individual behaviors such as postures, locomotion, orientation responses, and reflexes has, however, been relatively neglected. Hines (1942), as well as Mowbray and Cadell (1962), has provided excellent accounts of the development of some individual behaviors in neonatal rhesus monkeys. King and King (1970) described the development of individual behaviors in neonatal squirrel monkeys that were separated from their mothers at birth and raised individually. Schusterinan and Sjoberg (1969) made a similar study of neonatal squirrel monkeys which were separated from their mothers only for the duration of daily testing sessions. In contrast with what is known about early behavioral maturation in squirrel monkeys and rhesus monkeys, little is known about the

No abstract

This review examines the sensory capacities of aquatic and amphibious marine mammals and compares these with those of terrestrial primates, Psychophysical data for certain toothed whales are plentiful, although few have been reported for baleen whales; an intermediate amount was found for amphibious forms. Auditory masking studies indicate comparable inner ear functioning for aquatic, amphibious, and terrestrial mammals. Detection data from aquatic audiograms depict acute sensitivity to low intensities with extensive frequency ranges. Relative intensity sensitivity in best media indicates that amphibious mammals have an aerial loss comparable to the aquatic loss for humans. Aquatic mammals have discrimination capacities for frequency, intensity, duration, and localization approximating those of humans. The differential sensitivity of amphibious mammals, although comparable to many terrestrial forms, is inferior to that of humans and aquatic forms. Visual detection data are almost nonexistent, and data on discrimination indicate relatively well-developed spatial acuity, The chemoreceptive modalities of olfaction and taste have degenerated considerably.Recently, interest in the sensory capacities of marine mammals has increased tremendously, This review summarizes research in this rapidly expanding field and also focuses on species and issues in need of further inquiry. The marine mammals included are those for which information was obtained from a literature search of the 117 living species (Rice & Scheffer, Note 1). The sensory data emphasized are from behavioral psychophysical investigations, the majority of which were published in the 1970s. These data feature stimulus detection, discrimination, and localization aspects of the sensory interface with both aquatic and terrestrial environments. In addition to comparing sensory abilities among marine mammals, we compare the abilities of marine animals with those of primates (Fobes & King, 1977, in press;King & Fobes, 1974).Marine mammals are variously adapted to the hydrosphere; the strictly aquatic group consists of cetaceans and sirenians. Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, andThe comments on the manuscript by R. J. Schusterman are gratefully acknowledged.