Checkpoint inhibitors (CPI), namely anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1/PD-L1 antibodies, demonstrated efficacy across multiple types of cancer. However, only subgroups of patients respond to these therapies. Additionally, CPI can induce severe immune-related adverse events (irAE). Biomarkers that predict efficacy and toxicity may help define the patients who may benefit the most from these costly and potentially toxic therapies. In this study, we review the main biomarkers that have been associated with the efficacy (pharmacodynamics and clinical benefit) and the toxicity (irAE) of CPIs in patients.

This white paper examines the benefit of the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope for studies of the Solar System's four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. JWST's superior sensitivity, combined with high spatial and spectral resolution, will enable near-and mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of these objects with unprecedented quality. In this paper we discuss some of the myriad scientific investigations possible with JWST regarding the giant planets. This discussion is preceded by the specifics of JWST instrumentation most relevant to giant planet observations. We conclude with identification of desired pre-launch testing and operational aspects of JWST that would greatly benefit future studies of the giant planets.

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The James Webb Space Telescope will enable a wealth of new scientific investigations in the near-and midinfrared, with sensitivity and spatial/spectral resolution greatly surpassing its predecessors. In this paper, we focus upon Solar System science facilitated by JWST, discussing the most current information available concerning JWST instrument properties and observing techniques relevant to planetary science. We also present numerous example observing scenarios for a wide variety of Solar System targets to illustrate the potential of JWST science to the Solar System community. This paper updates and supersedes the Solar System white paper published by the JWST Project in 2010 (Lunine et al., 2010). It is based both on that paper and on a workshop held at the annual meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences in Reno, NV in 2012.The number of possible types of Solar System observations has grown with further consideration by the JWST Science Working Group, by the increased participation of the community through workshops, and by the successful implementation of the moving target tracking. For this reason, we do not attempt an encyclopedic survey of all possible targets and observational types, but rather consider exemplary types of observations that demonstrate the substantial capability of the observatory in furthering Solar System research. It is our hope that readers will be sufficiently stimulated by the examples herein that they will develop their own proposals that might be submitted under general observing time. Motivation for Planetary Science Observations with JWSTNumerous planetary science investigations will be enabled with JWST. The near-and mid-infrared spectral coverage and sensitivity afforded by JWST complements NASA's other Solar System exploration platforms such as Earth-based telescope facilities-both ground-based and in Earth orbit-and interplanetary spacecraft that continue to explore the Solar System through orbiter, flyby, and lander/rover missions. When JWST joins these important components of NASA's planetary exploration portfolio, it will offer improvements in sensitivity, spatial resolution, spectral resolution and coverage, and/or geographic area of exploration. JWST will contribute to the overarching objectives of planetary science, namely to understand planet formation, evolution, and the suitability of planets as habitats, through high-fidelity infrared imaging and spectroscopy of both large and small bodies in the Solar System. The suite of Solar System observations that will be enabled by JWST will advance our understanding of our own planetary system as well as more general astrophysical processes such as planet formation and evolution. A key role for JWST will be in characterizing the composition of objects that have previously been too small and/or too distant for such measurements. The ability to study the reflected and thermal spectrum of targets throughout the 0.7 -28.5 micron region, un-impeded by the Earth's atmosphere, at unprecedented sensitivity and with a diffracti...

Despite adjusted reference ranges for Freelite FLC ratio, there are approximately 12.5% discrepancies in interpretation of FLC ratio between the 2 available assays. They are not linked to renal failure stage and neither of the assays performed better than the other: results must be interpreted taking into account clinical data and the same assay must be used for patient follow-up.