Purpose-This study advances a configural asymmetric theory of the complex antecedents to hospitality employee happiness-at-work and managers' assessments of employees' quality of work-performance. The study transcends variable and case-level analyses to go beyond prior statistical findings of small-to-medium effect sizes of happiness-performance relationships; the study here identifies antecedent paths involving high-versus-low happy employees associating with high-versus-low managers' assessments of these employees' performances. Design/methodology/approach-The study merges data from surveys of employees (n=247) and surveys completed by their managers (n=43) and by using qualitative comparative analysis via the software program, fsQCA.com. The study analyzes data from Janfusan Fancyworld, the largest (in revenues and number of employees) tourism business group in Taiwan; Janfusan Fancyworld includes tourist hotels, amusement parks, restaurants and additional firms in related service sectors. Findings-The findings support the four tenets of configural analysis and theory construction: recognize equifinality of different solutions for the same outcome; test for asymmetric solutions; test for causal asymmetric outcomes for very high versus very low happiness and work performance; and embrace complexity. Research limitations/implications-Additional research in other firms and additional countries is necessary to confirm the usefulness of examining algorithms for predicting very high (low) happiness and very high (low) quality of work performance. The implications are substantial that configural theory and research will resolve perplexing happiness-performance conundrums. Practical implications-The study provides useful case-level algorithms involving employees' demographic characteristics and their assessments of work facet-specifics which are useful for explaining very high happiness-at-work and high quality-of-work performance (as assessed by managers)-as well as algorithms explaining very low happiness and very low quality-of-work performance. Originality/value-The study is the first to propose and test the tenets of configural theory in the context of hospitality front-line service employees' happiness-at-work and managers' assessments of these employees quality of work performances.

Bicycle tourism is one of the popular physical activities for sport tourists. Since the physical environment may affect bicycling behavior, it becomes an important determinant for cyclists to choose a cycleway. Exploratory factor analysis is performed to extract the perception of environmental quality of cyclists into five main factors, including safety, light facilities, lane design, landscape, and environment cleanliness. The contingent behavior method (CBM) is adopted to measure the quality improvement projects in different scenarios of light facility and landscape improvement. The results showed that the improvement projects increased the intended number of trips and the recreational benefits of cyclists.

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This study compares Latino host, Latino immigrant, Asian-American host, Asian-American immigrant and European-American host groups of adolescents with respect to four acculturationrelated variables: ethnic identity exploration, ethnic identity affirmation/belonging, outgroup orientation, and American identity. Using the five ethno-generational categories as a grouping variable, we conducted analyses of 313 survey responses to the acculturation items at two time periods, 9 weeks apart. Results showed that differences among the three host racial/ethnic groups can best be explained by a group dominance perspective, whereby the two racial/ethnic minority groups are more similar to each other than they are to the European-American group. Furthermore, the relationship between American identity and ethnic identity components is stronger among the three host groups, as compared to the immigrant groups. Implications for future research with adolescent members of the host group whose heritage culture is non-European are drawn. KeywordsAcculturation; Immigrant; Ethnic identity; National identity; American identityThe rise of Latino and Asian immigration to the United States during the past two decades (Capps and Fortuny 2006) and the replacement of African-Americans by Latinos as the largest U.S. racial/ethnic minority (U.S. Census Bureau News 2006) have precipitated heightened national interest in the acculturation process and its outcomes among immigrant groups and individuals. Because the host culture is dominant in terms of power, status, and privilege, it is understandable that the acculturation of immigrants to it has been the main focus of U.S. acculturation research. As the editors of this AJCP Special Section point out, much less attention has been paid to the "other side" of mutual acculturation: namely, acculturation processes and outcomes among host groups and individuals who are in contact with immigrants. While the host culture in the U.S. is strongly European-based, host individuals may be of any racial/ethnic group. Using host versus immigrant categories as a grouping variable, without regard for individuals' race or ethnicity, obscures the diversity of the host group. A foundational concept of this paper is that, in multi-ethnic contexts as well as in ethnic "enclaves," racial/ethnic minorities who have resided in the host country for one or more © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008 Correspondence to: Michele Andrisin Wittig, MWittig@csun.edu. When describing the group membership of our participants we use the term "racial/ethnic." This is not because we believe that the terms "racial" and "ethnic" are interchangeable. Indeed, we are aware that there is controversy about the legitimacy of the term "race" and that there is not widespread agreement about the meaning of the term "ethnic." The five groups that compose our grouping variable include both racial groups and ethnic groups, as these terms are commonly used. Given all these considerations, we decided that a compound term was best. N...

Landscape is an important element in outdoor sports recreation. Cyclists’ perception of an environment reflects their interaction with the actual environment; they become aware of the recreation site through their primary receptive senses. As one popular bikeway in Taiwan, the landscape along Dong-Feng bikeway appeals to many cyclists. Nevertheless, the landscape was spoiled due to a soil conservation project. This study follows the theorem of planned behavior (TPB) and applies contingent behavior scenario to evaluate the recreational benefits and the damage effect of landscape. The empirical model uses travel cost method (TCM) to estimate the consumer surplus of cyclists. Under the scenario of damaged landscape, the number of trips went down 1.01 times and the recreational benefit dropped to NT$750, making the cost of damaging the landscape to NT$132 per person. The result indicates that the landscape of environment quality is crucial to cyclists, and it is important to preserve the natural environment of bike paths for developing the sport tourism sustainability.