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Contemporary archaeology of the Middle Ages blends two specializations that were separated for a long period of time. The early Middle Ages period (6th-12th centuries) was studied by Slavic archaeology which evolved continuously from the late 19th century. The late Middle Ages period (13th-16th centuries) was the subject of medieval or historical archaeology which took shape in the Czech lands in the 1950s and 1960s. The paper discusses the traditions of both these specializations, while most attention is devoted to archaeology of the late Middle Ages. Its establishment was determined by two abilities: first, the ability to conduct excavations of complex stratigraphic contexts and the provision of quality primary data; and second, the ability to formulate research programmes so that their results could become part of the general historical discourse. The development of these two abilities remains a key prerequisite for the general development of archaeological study.

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