The pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and autism, is far from being fully elucidated. In recent years, a potential role of the oxidative stress has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. A body of clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that psychiatric diseases are characterized by higher levels of oxidative biomarkers and with lower levels of antioxidant defense biomarkers in the brain and peripheral tissues. In this article, we review current knowledge on the role of the oxidative stress in psychiatric diseases, based on clinical trials and animal studies, in addition, we analyze the effects of drug-induced modulation of oxidative balance and explore pharmacotherapeutic strategies for oxidative stress reduction.

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Oxidative stress is a dysfunctional state of living cells, caused by the disturbance of the pro-/antioxidative equilibrium. This dynamic equilibrium, constitutive for all aerobic organisms, is an inevitable necessity of maintaining the level of oxidative factors on non-destructive value to the cell. Among these factors reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the best known molecules. This review article shows the current state of knowledge on the chemical specificity, relative reactivity and main sources of ROS and RNS in biological systems. As a Part 1 to the report about the role of oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders (see Smaga et al., Pharmacological Reports, this issue), special emphasis is placed on biochemical determinants in nervous tissue, which predisposed it to oxidative damage. Oxidative stress can be identified based on the analysis of various biochemical indicators showing the status of antioxidant barrier or size of the damage. In our article, we have compiled the most commonly used biomarkers of oxidative stress described in the literature with special regard to potentially effective in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative processes.

BackgroundCiprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MOX), norfloxacin (NOR) and ofloxacin (OFL), are the antibacterial synthetic drugs, belonging to the fluoroquinolones group. Fluoroquinolones are compounds susceptible to photodegradation process, which may lead to reduction of their antibacterial activity and to induce phototoxicity as a side effect. This paper describes a simple, sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of CIP, MOX, NOR and OFL in the presence of photodegradation products.ResultsChromatographic separations were carried out using the Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column; (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm particle size). The column was maintained at 40°C, and the following gradient was used: 0 min, 95% of eluent A and 5% of eluent B; 10 min, 0% of eluent A and 100% of eluent B, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min-1. Eluent A: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water; eluent B: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. The method was validated and all the validation parameters were in the ranges acceptable by the guidelines for analytical method validation. The photodegradation of examined fluoroquinolones in solid phase in the presence of excipients followed kinetic of the first order reaction and depended upon the type of analyzed drugs and coexisting substances. Photodegradation process of analyzed drugs was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, the identification of degradation products was carried out by mass spectrometry.ConclusionThe developed UPLC-MS/MS method enables the determination of CIP, MOX, NOR and OFL in the presence of photodegradation products and identification of photodegradation products.