A B S T R A C TDuring two years (2015 and 2016), an experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the application of strobilurin and carboxamides on the photosynthetic efficiency and yield of tomato plants inoculated with A. solani grown in greenhouse in southern Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five replicates and seven treatments: inoculated control (water + inoculum), absolute control (water), boscalid (0.075 g L −1 ), boscalid (0.100 g L −1 ) + kresoxim-methyl (0.050 g L −1 ), pyraclostrobin (0.100 g L −1 ), fluxapyroxad (0.058 g L −1 ) + pyraclostrobin (0.116 g L −1 ) and methyl (1.100 g L −1 ) + pyraclostrobin (0.100 g L −1 ), applied at 15 days after transplantation, at intervals of 15 days, totaling 6 applications. The effect on plant development was evaluated by plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry mass of leaves, stem and roots. To verify the photosynthetic efficiency, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, content of photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase enzyme activity, carbohydrate content and yield were evaluated. All fungicides positively affected the evaluated parameters, improving photosynthetic efficiency and fruit production, in addition to providing efficient disease control. However, treatments using fluxapyroxad with pyraclostrobin, followed by metiram with pyraclostrobin stood out for promoting high photochemical yield due to the higher levels of photosynthetic pigments, activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme and, consequently, increase in the synthesis and translocation of photoassimilates. These results demonstrate the benefits of the use of these agrochemicals in the control of A. solani in tomato.
A cultura da soja é uma das mais importantes no Brasil, o país ocupa a segunda colocação em produção,sendo superado apenas pelos Estados Unidos. Para a obtenção de maiores rendimentos por área, é indispensável, além de técnicas adequadas de cultivo, a utilização de sementes de alta qualidade, expressa pelos componentes genético, físico, fisiológico e sanitário. Desta forma, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a eficiência da utilização de métodos físicos para tratamento de semente de soja por meio de características fisiológicas e a sanidade das sementes submetidas à termoterapia e da radioterapia. No teste de sanidade de sementes o tratamento com termoterapia via úmida apresentou significância e foi ajustada uma equação quadrática, para descrever os resultados, sendo que de acordo com o modelo, o número de sementes de soja livre de fungos fitopatogênicos tende a aumentar com o maior tempo de exposição à temperatura de 40°C. Para a variável germinação, o tratamento termoterapia ajustou-se uma equação quadrática e para o tratamento com radiação ajustou-se uma equação linear. Ambos os tratamentos apresentaram redução da germinação das sementes com o aumento do tempo de exposição dos tratamentos físicos. As variáveis, altura de planta e peso seco apresentaram significância (p<0,05) apenas para o tratamento com termoterapia. Ajustou-se uma equação quadrática para ambas as variáveis apresentando redução da altura e do peso seco de plântulas mediantes ao incremento do tempo de exposição a temperatura. Palavras Chaves: Controle Físico; Sanidade de sementes; Germinação; Radiação UV.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of wheat plants to the application of possible elicitor compounds against Bipolaris sorokiniana pathogen. This response was measured through the quantification of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde and flavonoids, evaluation of the severity of brown spot disease and productivity in wheat, greenhouse and field crops. The treatments consisted of suspensions of endophytic fungi Aspergillus japonicus and Trichoderma tomentosum, salicylic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl and fungicide. In the field trials, in 2015 and 2016, the development of the disease was lower and productivity was higher in all treatments, with emphasis on the fungicide. However, endophytic fungi suspensions demonstrated potential as growth promoters, disease severity reducers and protective antioxidant response activators, as they promoted significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and flavonoid enzymes.
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