BackgroundAberrant methylation at imprinted differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in human 11p15.5 has been reported in many tumors including hepatoblastoma. However, the methylation status of imprinted DMRs in imprinted loci scattered through the human genome has not been analyzed yet in any tumors.MethodsThe methylation statuses of 33 imprinted DMRs were analyzed in 12 hepatoblastomas and adjacent normal liver tissue by MALDI-TOF MS and pyrosequencing. Uniparental disomy (UPD) and copy number abnormalities were investigated with DNA polymorphisms.ResultsAmong 33 DMRs analyzed, 18 showed aberrant methylation in at least 1 tumor. There was large deviation in the incidence of aberrant methylation among the DMRs. KvDMR1 and IGF2-DMR0 were the most frequently hypomethylated DMRs. INPP5Fv2-DMR and RB1-DMR were hypermethylated with high frequencies. Hypomethylation was observed at certain DMRs not only in tumors but also in a small number of adjacent histologically normal liver tissue, whereas hypermethylation was observed only in tumor samples. The methylation levels of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) did not show large differences between tumor tissue and normal liver controls. Chromosomal abnormalities were also found in some tumors. 11p15.5 and 20q13.3 loci showed the frequent occurrence of both genetic and epigenetic alterations.ConclusionsOur analyses revealed tumor-specific aberrant hypermethylation at some imprinted DMRs in 12 hepatoblastomas with additional suggestion for the possibility of hypomethylation prior to tumor development. Some loci showed both genetic and epigenetic alterations with high frequencies. These findings will aid in understanding the development of hepatoblastoma.

Overweight men usually had abnormal hormone regulation that can reduce the quality of spermatozoa. This study was aimed to determine the effect of overweight on the spermatozoa quality of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design. Dependent variable in this study was spermatozoa quality consisting of concentration, motility, and morphology, meanwhile the independent variable was overweight in Wistar rats. Subjects were 10 male Wistar rats divided into two groups: experimental group (P1), which was the group with overweight, and the control group (P0), the group with normal weight. Treatment was given for 50 days. Based on the statistical analysis performed, the results showed significant differences in concentration, motility, and morphology of the spermatozoa between the experimental group and the control group. For all spermatozoa quality parameters, the P-values were less than 0.05. Conclusion: Overweight affected the quality of Wistar rat spermatozoa.Keywords: overweight, spermatozoa quality Abstrak: Pada pria dengan kelebihan berat badan biasanya terjadi regulasi hormon abnormal yang dapat menurunkan parameter kualitas spermatozoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kelebihan berat badan terhadap kualitas spermatozoa tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus). Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental dengan post test only control group design. Variabel tergantung dalam penelitian ini ialah kualitas spermatozoa yang meliputi konsentrasi, motilitas, dan morfologi sedangkan variabel bebas ialah kelebihan berat badan pada tikus Wistar. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 10 ekor tikus Wistar jantan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan (P1) yang merupakan kelompok dengan kelebihan berat badan dan kelompok kontrol (P0) yang merupakan kelompok dengan berat badan normal. Perlakuan diberikan selama 50 hari. Berdasarkan analisis data yang dilakukan, hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna pada konsentrasi, motilitas, dan morfologi spermatozoa kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol, dimana untuk semua parameter kualitas spermatozoa didapatkan nilai P <0,05. Simpulan: Terdapat pengaruh bermakna dari kelebihan berat badan terhadap kualitas spermatozoa tikus Wistar.Kata kunci: kelebihan berat badan, kualitas spermatozoa

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Participation of men on using contraceptive is still low. Carica papaya L. contains alkaloid chemicals which act as antifertility agent and can be used as contraceptives for men. This study was carried out to find the effects of Carica papaya L. seed extracts toward the spermatozoa qualities. This study was conducted to nine male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing from 200 to 250 grams, aging from 12 to 15 months. These nine healthy adult rats were divided into 3 groups of 3 rats each. 50 and 70 mg/kg/day of the extract were orally administrated to group 1 and 2 respectively, while group 3 were treated as a negative control group. The daily administration was carried out for 50 days, after which the animals of group 1, 2 and 3 were sacrificed. This study found a decreased quality of spermatozoa (i.e morphology) in group 1 and 2 (p = 0,000). Thus, confirms it’s contraceptive efficacy on men’s fertility.Keywords: carica papaya l. seed, spermatozoaAbstract: Partisipasi pria dalam menggunakan alat kontrasepsi masih kurang. Tanaman pepaya mengandung senyawa alkaloid yang bersifat antifertilitas dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan untuk kontrasepsi pria. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari ekstrak biji pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap kualitas spermatozoa. Penelitian eksperimental ini dilakukan pada sembilan ekor tikus wistar jantan (Rattus norvegicus) dengan berat badan 200-250 gram berumur 12-15 bulan. Sembilan ekor wistar dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, dan satu kelompok terdiri dari tiga ekor tikus wistar. Selama 50 hari, ekstrak biji pepaya (Carica papaya L.) diberikan pada kelompok perlakuan 1 sebesar 50 mg/kgBB per hari, sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan 2 sebesar 70 mg/kgBB per hari. Kelompok kontrol tidak diberikan perlakuan. Setelah 50 hari hewan coba pada kelompok kontrol, perlakuan 1, dan perlakuan 2 diterminasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi penurunan kualitas spermatozoa berupa morfologi spermatozoa pada tikus wistar yang diberikan ekstrak biji papaya (Carica papaya L.) (p = 0,000). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak biji pepaya mempunyai efek antifertilitas terhadap fertilitas pria.Kata kunci: biji pepaya, spermatozoa