Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism, has been strongly associated with the progression of malignancy and poor survival in melanoma patients. As a result, IDO1 is a leading target for interventions aimed at restoring melanoma immune surveillance. Here, in a scenario involving the tryptophan catabolism, we report that melatonin biosynthesis is driven by 1-methyl-tryptophan (1-MT), a competitive inhibitor of IDO1, in human fibroblasts, melanocytes and melanoma cells. In addition to melatonin biosynthesis, 1-MT induced the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase, arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase mRNA in fibroblasts and melanocytes. We observed a great variability in the levels of IDO1 mRNA expression and kynurenine release between skin cells and melanoma cell lines in response to interferon-c, a classical IDO1 inducer. In this setting, melatonin was shown to downregulate kynurenine production. Furthermore, in a condition of low basal activity of IDO1, it was observed that 1-MT, as well melatonin, inhibited the proliferation of human melanoma cells. Taken together, our results suggest that 1-MT may serve as more than just a tool to disrupt tumor immune escape (via the inhibition of IDO1) because it was shown to act directly on the proliferation of human melanoma cells and induce melatonin biosynthesis in the tumor milieu. Moreover, 1-MT-mediated inhibition of IDO occurs in normal skin and melanoma cells, which addresses the possibility that all cells in the skin microenvironment can be targeted by 1-MT. Our findings provide innovative approaches into understanding tumor therapy related to the control of tryptophan metabolism by 1-MT.
Tryptophan (TRP) is essential for many physiological processes, and its metabolism changes in some diseases such as infection and cancer. The most studied aspects of TRP metabolism are the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. A minor metabolic route, tryptamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) biosynthesis, has received far less attention, probably because of the very low amounts of these compounds detected only in some tissues, which has led them to be collectively considered as trace amines. In a previous study, we showed a metabolic interrelationship for TRP in melanoma cell lines. Here, we identified DMT and N,N-dimethyl-N-formyl-kynuramine (DMFK) in the supernatant of cultured SK-Mel-147 cells. Furthermore, when we added DMT to the cell culture, we found hydroxy-DMT (OH-DMT) and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the cell supernatant at 24 h. We found that SK-Mel-147 cells expressed mRNA for myeloperoxidase (MPO) and also had peroxidase activity. We further found that DMT oxidation was catalyzed by peroxidases. DMT oxidation by horseradish peroxidase, H2O2 and MPO from PMA-activated neutrophils produced DMFK, N,N-dimethyl-kynuramine (DMK) and OH-DMT. Oxidation of DMT by peroxidases apparently uses the common peroxidase cycle involving the native enzyme, compound I and compound II. In conclusion, this study describes a possible alternative metabolic pathway for DMT involving peroxidases that has not previously been described in humans and identifies DMT and metabolites in a melanoma cell line. The extension of these findings to other cell types and the biological effects of DMT and its metabolites on cell proliferation and function are key questions for future studies.
A key link between amino acid catabolism and immune regulation in cancer is the augmented tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP), a metabolic route induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and related to poor prognosis in melanomas. Besides its role in cancer, IFN-γ plays a key role in the control of pigmentation homeostasis. Here we measured KP metabolites in human melanoma lines and skin melanocytes and fibroblasts in response to IFN-γ. In general, IFN-γ affected KP in skin cells more than in melanoma cells, supporting IFN-γ roles in skin physiology and that of stromal cells in modulating the tumor microenvironment.
Clarice Lispector DEDICATÓRIADedico este trabalho a minha amada família, em especial meus pais Jane e Roner, por terem sempre permanecido ao meu lado, me incentivando a percorrer este caminho. AGRADECIMENTOSA Deus, pelo dom da vida e, por dar-me forças nos momentos de fraqueza, guiando-me por esta longa caminhada.A chefa por ter me acolhido no lab, por passar horas discutindo resultados e experimentos e por fazer eu me apaixonar pela ciência.Aos colegas do lab de bioquímica Sika, Luzi, Fran, Edson, Silvana, Carol, Ale e a todas estagiárias que tive oportunidade de conhecer e conviver.Aos amigos Renan, Ariane, Branks e Maysa, integrantes do grupo W, do qual tenho muito orgulho de participar. Obrigada pela ajuda, discussões científicas, risadas, cantorias ao longo de todos os anos de pós-graduação...Mais do que um título, no mestrado/doutorado tive a oportunidade de conhecer vocês, não tenho palavras para expressar a minha gratidão por tudo que fizeram por mim...foram dias e dias acordando cedo e saindo tarde do lab, finais de semanas sem descanso, reuniões que não tinham fim para interpretar resultados malucos, cronogramas e mais cronogramas a serem seguidos para dar conta de fazer todos os experimentos e vocês sempre lá, disposto a ajudar no que era preciso. E por mais estressante que fossem alguns momentos, por maior que fosse a vontade de jogar tudo para o ar, sempre um de vocês estava lá para falar: CALMA JANIS, está acabando rs. Essa conquista é nossa, esse título é nosso...porque somos O GRUPO. AMO VOCÊS GRUPO W! A todos os professores colaboradores que tornaram possível a realização deste trabalho: em especial prof. Ernani Pinto Junior.Ao Felipe massas pelo apoio técnico-científico.As colegas da casa das 7 mulheres: Ale, Dani, Eliana, Georgia, Bruna e todas as outras.Aos meus amigos-irmãos de longa data do BF pela torcida sempre positiva durante todas as minhas jornadas.As amigas Ana, Raissa, Karla, Isabela, Gabriela e Bianca.Ao meu amor, Thiago, pelo incentivo e palavras de carinho e conforto nos momentos de solidão em SP e por me aturar estressada e preocupada com os experimentos.Aos peritos Bioquímicos Toxicologistas da Policia Civil do ES, pelo incentivo a conclusão do doutorado...tenho muito orgulho de agora fazer parte desta família.Ao CNPq e FAPESP pelo financiamento desta pesquisa.Por fim, a aqueles que sempre me apoiaram incondicionalmente, que apostaram em mim mais do que ninguém e que seguramente são os que mais compartilham da minha alegria: MINHA FAMÍLIA. Muito obrigada: Tia Claudia, Tia Eliane, Vovó Aurea, Vovô Dorico, vovó Izaura (in memorian), vovô Adalto, Tio Reuber, Tio Fernando, Tia Soraia, Aline, Aliny, primos João Vitor, Arthur, Taina, Lunah, minha irmã Juliana, meus pais Roner e Jane...faço questão de escrever todos os nomes pois a presença de cada um de vocês sempre foi e sempre será minha maior fonte inspiração para novas conquistas. O triptofano (Trp) é essencial para muitos processos fisiológicos e seu metabolismo apresenta-se alterado em doenças como no câncer. O Trp é degradado ...
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