ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito alelopático do extrato aquoso de folhas frescas de girassol sobre a germinação das sementes e desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas das cultivares de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) convencional (CD232), transgênica (CD213RR) e uma de suas invasoras, o picão preto (Bidens pilosa L.). Os experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná no ano de 2007. As folhas de girassol colhidas na época da floração foram trituradas com o auxílio de um liquidificador na proporção de 200g/1L de água destilada resultando no extrato bruto (100%). A partir do extrato bruto foram feitas as diluições de 80%, 60%, 40% e 20%, sendo utilizado como testemunha apenas água destilada. Após análise estatística (Tukey 5% de probabilidade), pode-se verificar que o extrato aquoso das folhas de girassol influenciou as variáveis analisadas para a soja cultivares CD323 e CD213RR, principalmente nas concentrações de 60%, 80% e 100%. As sementes de picão preto tiveram a porcentagem de germinação totalmente inibida quando aplicado o extrato aquoso a 40%, indicando que a palhada de girassol poderia servir como um herbicida natural, porém estudos em condições de campo devem ser realizados para a comprovação deste efeito. Palavras-chave: Helianthus annus L, alelopatia, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Bidens pilosa L. AbstractThe aim of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of water extract from sunflower fresh leaves on the germination and initial development of conventional and transgenic soybean cultivars, and of the invasive hairy beggartick (Bidens pilosa L.). Experiments were carried out at Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, in 2007. Fresh leaves from sunflower were ground in a blender at the proportion 200g/1L distilled water, resulting in crude extract (100%), in which pH was measured. Dilutions of 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% were done from the crude extract, and only distilled water was used as control. Statistical analysis (Tukey 5% probability) indicated that only the highest extract concentrations (60%, 80% and 100%) influenced the analyzed parameters for conventional and transgenic soybean. Beggartick seeds, however, had germination percentage completely inhibited when 40% water extract was applied, which indicates that sunflower straw could be used as a natural herbicide. Nevertheless, field studies must be carried out to prove such effect.

ResumoCom o desenvolvimento da agricultura surgiram os conseqüentes aumentos na degradação ambiental. Assim, estuda-se a utilização de plantas que possuam em sua composição química substâncias capazes de auxiliar no controle de plantas invasoras, amenizando o uso de agrotóxicos. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar soluções de extratos de leucena sobre plantas invasoras que freqüentemente ocorrem na cultura da soja. Foram utilizados como tratamentos os seguintes extratos de leucena nas proporções de: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% com água à temperatura ambiente e com água aquecida à 80°C. Os extratos foram obtidos triturando-se 200 g de folhas de leucena em um litro de água destilada, com auxílio de um liquidificador. As sementes foram mantidas em B.O.D. à temperatura de 25°C, com fotoperíodo de 12 horas de luz. As avaliações foram diárias, do primeiro ao último dia de experimento, este variando conforme a espécie. Os resultados demonstraram interferência negativa dos extratos, tanto quente quanto frio, no comprimento de raiz de corda de viola, na porcentagem de germinação e no comprimento de raiz de guanxuma e picão-preto. Não foram constatadas interferências negativas nos parâmetros analisados para as sementes de soja. Sendo assim, os resultados obtidos indicam potencial alelopático da espécie Leucaena leuucocephala como alternativa de manejo de plantas invasoras sem interferir no desenvolvimento da cultura da soja. Palavras-chave: Alelopatia, Leucaena leucocephala, Glycine max AbstractWith the advance of agriculture, there was consequent rising in environment degradation. Therefore, It is interesting the use of plants which have in their chemical composition substances capable of helping in the control of weeds to minimize the use of pesticides. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate solutions of leucena extract on weeds that are frequent on soybean crop. The treatments were leucena extracts at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% at room temperature water and water heated to 80°C. The extracts were obtained by crushing 200g of leucena leaves and mixing them with one liter of distilled water with the help of a blender. Seeds were kept in B.O.D. at a temperature of 25°C, with a photoperiod of 12 hours of light. Evaluations were done on a daily basis, from the first to the last day of the experiment, varying according to the species. Results show a negative interference of the extracts, both hot and cold, in the root length of Ipomoea grandifolia, in the percentage of germination and in the root length of Arrowleaf sida and Hair beggarticks. There was no negative interference in the analyzed 1 Bióloga, estudante de pós-graduação da Unioeste -Cascavel/PR.

Lettuce seeds have a high sensitivity to variations in humidity and temperature of the environment where they germinate, therefore, studies with the aim of improve the germination and physiological performance of these have been conducted. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of pregermination treatment stratification (5°C) for different periods, and increase the uniformity of germination of lettuce seeds submitted to different conditions of light and germination temperatures. In the pre-germinative treatment, the seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) var. American Great Lakes were placed in plastic boxes dark of the type "gerbox" and subjected to temperature stratification of 5 °C and the dark for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 hours. After periods of stratification the seeds were submitted to

Annona emarginata (Schldtl.) H. Rainer ("araticum-de-terra-fria") is used as a rootstock for several species of Annonaceae. It is suggested that these seeds should be sown immediately after extraction and, therefore, they could be intolerant to desiccation. There are several mechanisms involved with desiccation tolerance. Soluble sugars, for example, can accumulate and act as osmoprotectants for the membrane system during desiccation. The aim of this study is to assess desiccation tolerance in A. emarginata seeds. In addition, we examined the soluble sugars involved in desiccation tolerance. Finally, we determined the effect of gibberellic acid (GA 4+7 ) and N-(phenylmethyl)-aminopurine in promoting the germination of seeds with different water contents. The experiment consisted of a randomized 4x5 factorial design (desiccation levels x concentration of growth regulators). After drying, seeds containing 31 (control), 19, 12 and 5% water were incubated in different concentrations of GA 4+7 N-(phenylmethyl)-aminopurine (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg L -1 ) for 60 hours. The experiment was conducted in a germination chamber with alternating temperature and photoperiod of 20ºC for 18 hours of darkness and 30ºC for 6 hours of light. We analyzed electrical conductivity, germination rate, mean germination time, germination speed, frequency and uniformity of germination, percentage of dormant seeds and soluble sugar profile in intact seeds through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared using Tukey's test at a threshold of p<0.05. The results showed that seeds of A. emarginata appears to be desiccation tolerant and, also, that sucrose increases when seed water content is reduced to values as low as 12%, exogenous GA 4+7 +N-(phenylmethyl)-aminopurine improves its germinability.

resumo -a romãzeira (Punica granatum l.) é fruteira de porte arbustivo, utilizada geralmente como planta ornamental e explorada quanto a suas características medicinais. Seus frutos apresentam cavidades internas onde estão alojadas numerosas sementes e sem a presença de endosperma. estas sementes apresentam certa dificuldade para germinar, sendo que se conseguiu atingir porcentagens satisfatórias de germinação com a utilização de estratificação, que é processo necessário para a quebra da dormência fisiológica, já que altera o balanço hormonal, sobretudo os níveis de giberelina. o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a aplicação de concentrações de Ga 3 na germinação de sementes de Punica granatum em ambiente controlado com temperatura de 25ºc e fotoperíodo de 12 horas de luz, sobre papel germitest. adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com cinco tratamentos [concentrações de Ga 3 (0; 100; 200; 300 e 400 mgl -1 )], quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada. determinou-se durante a embebição a curva de aquisição de água das mesmas. as variáveis avaliadas foram porcentagem de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, índice de sincronização e frequência de germinação, comprimento médio total (parte aérea + parte radicular), massa da matéria fresca e seca das plântulas. a única variável que mostrou efeito das concentrações de Ga 3 foi o índice de velocidade de emergência. o tempo de embebição necessário para atingir máximo teor de água nas sementes de romãzeira (P.granatum) em água deionizada foi de quatro horas, sendo a embebição neste líquido o método eficaz para o processo germinativo, sem a necessidade de uso de giberelina. termos para indexação: Romã, regulador vegetal, giberelina. GermInatIon oF pomeGranate (Punica granatum l.)seeds under GIBerellIn concentratIons aBstract -The pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) fruit tree is shrubby, often used as an ornamental plant and operated as its medicinal characteristics. its fruits have internal cavities that host numerous seeds and without the presence of endosperm. These seeds are germinating some difficulty, and it was possible to achieve satisfactory percentages of germination using laminating process that is required for breaking of physiological dormancy, as alters hormone balance, particularly gibberellin levels. The study aimed to evaluate the application of Ga 3 concentrations on germination of seeds of Punica granatum in controlled temperature of 25ºc and a photoperiod of 12 hours of light on paper germitest environment. We adopted the completely randomized design, with five treatments [GA 3 concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg l -1 )], four replicates of 25 seeds each. it was determined during the acquisition curve imbibition of water from the same. The variables evaluated were germination percentage, mean germination time, germination velocity index, index of synchronization and frequency of germination, total length (shoot + root), fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings. The only variable that showed the eff...